XVIII Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

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Добро пожаловать в Москву: куда пойти и что посмотреть

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Громова М.И. 1

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1ГБОУ Школа имени Маршала В.И,Чуйкова

Германович Е.А. 1

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1ГБОУ г.Москвы Школа имени Маршала В.И,Чуйкова

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Introduction

Relevance of the chosen topic:

Moscow: Those who have not been to Moscow have not seen beauty.

Every year more than three million tourists visit the capital of Russia, Moscow. Sometimes they spend only three or four days in our city. In this situation they often face the challenge: what to see and where to go. They can't choose exactly the most interesting and remarkable sights to visit. They don't know what metro stations are situated near these main sights. That's why I've decided to make a good tourist guide. The main idea was to create the guide which is easy for understanding and full of necessary information about the most interesting cultural and historical places in Moscow. If a tourist has a short tour in Moscow, he shouldn’t waste time. In this situation this guide can help him and he’ll remember Moscow forever.

In my tourist guide for short tour in Moscow I have included such places as: Red Square, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Bolshoi Theatre, ZOO, VDNH, Ostankino tower, Gorky Park, Kolomenskoe.

I have found all useful information about these places, for example, the official sites, the nearest metro stations, the address, working days and hours, what to see and included this information in the tourist Moscow guide (application 5.1). I am sure that all these wonderful places are worth visiting because of their great history and incredible beauty.

The purpose of the project:

- to awake interest of foreign guests to the capital of Russia – Moscow.

Project objectives:

-to create an excursion route in Moscow;

-to show the most popular places of the city, its history and fascinating facts;

-to develop a brochure-guide around Moscow and a schematic map of attractions (applications 5.1., 5.2).

The main part

Red Square

Red Square is the heart of Moscow. A walk around Red Square is a “must see” and the very first route for every guest in Moscow. Here are the main sights and monuments of different eras such as Armoury Chamber, St. Basil's Cathedral, GUM, State Historical Museum, Mausoleum and many others. I'll tell you more about some of them.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT RED SQUARE

The name Red Square was taken from a Russian word “Krasnaya”. The meaning is red or beautiful.

Red Square is included in the list of World Heritage in 1990 along with the Kremlin.

The prominent concerts of the high-profile artists were performed at Red Square. The celebrities who had performed here included Scorpions, Linkin Park, Shakira, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Roger Waters, The Prodigy and many others.

The Russian people could see the performance of Paul McCartney on Red Square. Do you know that The Beatles were not allowed to perform in Soviet Union? The sales of the Beatles’ records were also banned here.

The Victory Day parade was conducted in May 2008 to commemorate the lost of Nazi during the Second World War. During Victory Day parade on Red Square the armed forces of US, UK and France participated.

The Armoury

The Armoury is a treasury of Moscow princes and Russian tsars. Armoury Chamber is a building that has preserved historical objects, the items here are from the former Royal Treasury of the Tsars. They were put on display in the 19th century in a Kremlin building which had previously been a weapons store – and was thus equipped to provide security for the priceless collection. Today the collection has over 4000 exhibits from Russia, Europe, and Asia. Also on display are Russian state medals and orders, the coronation regalia of the Tsars, the royal carriages, a huge display of royal jewellery, a large display of antique silverware, and valuable items produced by Russian craftsmen.

FASCINATING FACTS

The most famous exhibit is the Cap of Monomakh – the earliest surviving ceremonial crown of Russia, although it's more fur than gold. In ancient times, before the days of Peter the Great, this very cap served for the investiture of the Grand Princes of Moscow.

Another unusual exhibit is the Double Throne. When lawyers could not decide which of the two half-brothers – Peter the Great, or Ivan V – had a better claim to the throne, it was decided to let them be co-monarchs. The throne contraption had a secret chamber with a door to it – in which a royal advisor could hide, and give advice on how to answer the questions of foreign ambassadors.

During the Napoleonic Wars, valuable items were taken to Nizhny Novgorod for safe keeping.

The collection of ceremonial saddlery and other regalia for horses is kept at the Arsenal, and has no equivalent anywhere else in the world.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

St. Basil’s Cathedral is an active Orthodox church, a museum, one of the main attractions of Red Square and a recognizable symbol of Moscow and Russia for foreigners, a UNESCO protected heritage site. This cathedral is full of interesting facts, legends and stories. I’d like to tell you some of them.

Its official name is the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat.

The church in Red Square was built in 1555-1561 by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible to commemorate his victory over the Kazan Khanate, which took place on the religious holiday of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin.

Four of the cathedral’s eight chapels were named after religious holidays that coincided with the key events in the Kazan campaign. Another one is named after Saint Trinity: According to one theory, in the Middle Ages there was a Trinity Church on this spot.

It is actually nine churches in one. At first, the basement of the future cathedral served as a basis for nine small churches built one after another and connected with galleries and passageways. Interestingly, in the 16th century the basement was used to store the church coffers and savings of the city’s wealthy residents.

The cathedral got its second name – after Basil the Blessed – for a reason. The Moscow holy fool Vasily (Basil) could see into the future and predicted the fire of 1547, in which nearly a third of Moscow was destroyed. Throughout his life, Basil suffered privations, was homeless and wore no clothes or shoes irrespective of the weather. When he died, Metropolitan of Moscow Macarius conducted his funeral, while Ivan the Terrible himself acted as a pallbearer, together with other boyars.

The architects of the cathedral were blinded. There are several theories as to who designed the cathedral. The most widely accepted one is that the cathedral was designed by architects Barma and Postnik. The legend has it that Ivan the Terrible ordered that the architects be blinded after they completed work on this beautiful cathedral so that they could not replicate or surpass it elsewhere. Yet this is unlikely to be more than a legend since Postnik was later involved in building the Annunciation Cathedral, as well as the walls and towers of the Kazan Kremlin. According to another theory, the Cathedral of the Intercession may have been built by an Italian architect who was working in the Moscow Kremlin.

This cathedral has been in mortal danger more than once. In 1812, when the French troops were retreating from Moscow, they wanted to blow St. Basil’s Cathedral up but did not have time to do it. Over 100 years later, in the late 1920s, the Soviet authorities decided to pull the cathedral down: They were not too keen to have a house of worship in the very center of the city. The cathedral was saved by architect and restoration artist Pyotr Baranovsky, who even sent a telegram to Stalin to that end. As a result, the Cathedral of the Intercession was not demolished but Baranovsky was subjected to reprisals for “anti-Soviet activity.”

Only one original bell remains. The cathedral’s belfry is still operational. However, out of all the multitude of bells it has had since the cathedral was built in the 16th century, only one has survived to the present day. In 1929, the Soviet authorities ordered that the bronze bells be melted down and, according to bell ringer Alexei Konovalov, it was by a miracle that one bell survived: “It has preserved the sound of the 16th century, down to the last upper partial tone,” he said.

The Bolshoi Theater

The Bolshoi Theater is the national treasure of the country. The oldest musical theater in Russia is located almost in the very center of Moscow, on Theater Square, not far from the Kremlin. This historic Neoclassical structure is home to 2 renowned performing arts companies, the Bolshoi Opera and the Bolshoi Ballet. The theater itself is part of the Bolshoi Ballet Academy, a world-famous leading ballet school with over 200 performers.

INTERESTING FACTS

The theater was part of multiple Imperial theaters of the Russian Empire. This all changed following the October Revolution and the theater ended up being renamed “State Academic Bolshoi Theater” on December 7, 1919.

The theater was equipped with a new stage in 2002, just before the major renovation project started. It was built to the left of the historic main stage of the theater and was first used on November 29, 2002.

The Bolshoi Theater is far from being the largest opera house in the world in terms of capacity as it only features 1,740 seats. This does mean that the seats on the ground level are extremely comfortable with free-standing chairs. The places in the top sections of the venue only go 3 rows deep as well.

The extensive renovation of the structure didn’t go without controversy. The astounding cost of the renovation, which eventually turned out to be 16 times the initial estimate, raised a couple of eyebrows. This eventually ended up in the main contractor being investigated after prosecutors alleged that he was paid three times for the same work.

The theater is one of the most iconic landmarks in Moscow, and even in all of Russia. This notion is emphasized by the fact that it has been featured on the 100-rubel Russian banknote. The front of the banknote features the quadriga on top of the portico, the reverse features the entire Neoclassical structure.

The Moscow Zoo

The Moscow Zoo is the first zoo in Russia. On its vast territory, in pavilions, ponds, aviaries, more than eight thousand animals live, representing almost a thousand species of fauna inhabiting our planet.

It should be noted that in those times immemorial, the initiator of the creation of the zoo was Anatoly Petrovich Bogdanov, natural science professor at Moscow University, who devoted quite a long period of his scientific work to the possibility of acclimatization of all kinds of animals to the conditions of the Russian climate.

In addition, in the history of the Moscow Zoo there are also such interesting facts that almost all the time of its existence the zoo existed solely at the expense of charitable contributions of Moscow patrons and the proceeds from the sale of entrance tickets. On similar altruistic conditions, the Moscow architects, such as Lev Nikolaevich Kekushev and Sergey Konstantinovich Rodionov, worked on the exterior of the zoo. Which in those years, developed magnificent architectural projects and led the construction of most of the buildings of the Moscow Zoo.

However, a trip to the Moscow Zoo in our days will not give an opportunity to assess the work of Moscow architects and artisans erecting buildings on its territory, because the revolutionary events unfolding on its territory at the very beginning of the last century, led to significant destruction of most of the zoo’s buildings. And for today all Muscovites and guests of the capital can watch the updated version of the Moscow Zoo, which they began to implement in the beginning of 1990 as part of the preparation of the capital to celebrate the 850th anniversary of its founding.

So, it goes without saying that the capital’s tourism is developing not only thanks to its historical monuments, but also to the fact that the Moscow Zoo continues its long-standing tradition of preserving many species of animals that would have died out for a long time already.

VDNН

VDNН is a huge recreation area and a wonderful place for walking. There are many pavilions at VDNH and it is an essential part of the most impressive sights in Moscow. This monumental place of Soviet period appeared when the country was preparing for the all-Union Agricultural Exhibition. More than 3.5 million Soviet workers were supposed to arrive in Moscow, so exhibition demanded the same grandiose place. Finally, the whole exhibition town with an area of 136 hectares was built.

One of the main aims was to build as soon as possible the pavilions in order to demonstrate to foreign guests Soviet force and achievements. Because of the fast rhythm of development, workers ceased to pay attention to what they planted and everything was planted in one row, that led to impenetrable forest instead of beautiful and tropical oasis.

According to the legend, the exhibition center was even provided with additional metro station ‘Beskudnikovsky’ for the transportation of exhibits.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT VDNH

No bomb fell on the territory of the complex during the Great Patriotic War.

Today 70% of the structures on the exhibition are considered to be obsolete.

The place of the rocket before 1951 was occupied by impressive statue of Stalin (25 meters!), which once was one of the main symbols of the all-Union Agricultural exhibition in 1939. When the cult of personality was debunked, the statue was buried on the territory of the VDNH.

There is a bunker under the house of friendship of peoples, that preserved from the Soviet era. Thу bunker can comprise 300 people, who can live there for 2 days. On the surface of the bunker leads underground passage that ends under the Lenin sculpture, installed in front of the pavilion. This is the reason why the sculpture is still standing on its place.

Ostankino TV Tower

Ostankino TV Toweris the main television and radio broadcasting tower of the country, located at the Ostankino television center. Immediately after its construction, it became a symbol of the capital and became one of the tallest towers in the world. This is one of the best places to enjoy Moscow panoramas from a height.

It’s operated by the Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN) which operates over 14,400 television and over 3,600 radio transmitters all across the country.

The tower was named after the district it’s located in, the Ostankino District, which is situated about 5 kilometers (3 miles) directly to the north of the historical center of the city.

The tower was built between 1963 and 1967 and was ready in the year that the Soviets commemorated the 50th anniversary of the “October Revolution,” a revolution in Russia which was led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin.

This event would eventually lead to the Russian Civil War between 1917 and 1923 which culminated in the seizing of power by the Bolsheviks and the establishment of the Soviet Union. The Ostankino Tower was built especially in honor of this important moment in the history of the Soviet Union at the time.

The goal of the tower was clear from the beginning. The Soviet Government wanted to build the tallest structure in the world in order to commemorate the event that led to the establishment of the USSR and emphasize its power.

Therefore, the tower has a height of 540.1 meters (1,772.0 feet) to the top of its antenna and a roof height of 385.4 meters (1,264.4 feet). The top floor is located at a height of 360.4 meters (1,182.4 feet).

The tower has the equivalent of 120 floors and is over 100 meters (330 feet) taller than the top of the Empire State Building in New York which it surpassed upon completion.

The tower held the record as the tallest structure in the world for a period of about 8 years. The CN Tower in Toronto surpassed its height by just 13 meters (43 feet) in the year 1975.

Since then it has been surpassed by 10 more structures which makes it the 11^th tallest building in the world.

One of the most amazing facts about the Ostankino Tower is that it has remained the tallest structure in Europe until now!

One of the most remarkable facts about the Ostankino Tower isn’t just that it remained the second-tallest structure in the world for 40 years until the completion of Burj Khalifa, but also that there were plans to take over the record in the early 1990s.

There were plans to add an additional 40 channels to the transmission facility which would have increased the height of the tower to a whopping 561 meters (1,845 feet). Because of a lack of funding in 1994, this plan was shelved.

Ostankino TV Tower is especially beautiful when the it is illuminated at night, often accompanied by firework displays. This happens during special events and on special days in Russia.

This tower has an observation platform that offers stunning views of Moscow and its surroundings. 3 of the top levels are occupied by a coffee bar, a cafe, and the “7th Heaven Restaurant,” a revolving restaurant that was the tallest revolving restaurant in the world between 1967 and 1975.

Gorky Park

Gorky Park became the first world-class park in Russia with 100, 000 people a day on the weekend. There is a space for recreation, sports, dancing, yoga, outdoor games.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT GORKY PARK

Until 1923 the area was simply a garbage dump.

At the beginning of the 1950s, Gorky Park housed a small factory for the production of soda (lemon peel was used for making lemonades)

In the 1930s 35-meter tower for parachute jumps was built here, where young people from various military and sports clubs trained.

Gorky Park was named after a Russian writer Maxim Gorky Park in 1932.

In 1932 Gorky Park first launched the first children’s railway, with the length of as only 528 meters.

Gorky Park has its own Rose sort, called “Gorky Park”. It was brought by the French breeder Philip Manga. This rose is resistant to low temperatures. Presentation of the Rose was held in 2012, to the accompaniment of a symphony orchestra from the Netherlands, who played the music of Shostakovich.

On May 1, 2013 the park got its Hyde Park area for public events.

The English writer H.G. Wells was among the fans of Gorky Park. During his Moscow visit in 1934 at the invitation of Joseph Stalin, Wells called the park “Factory of Happy People”, which was later shortened simply to “Happiness Factory” and actively used in the guidebooks. He wrote: “When I die for capitalism and will rise again in the Soviet heaven, then I would wake up directly in the Park of Culture and Rest (the present-day Gorky Park)”.

Gorky Park has its own ice-cream brand of the same name. The leader is the Soviet “plombir”, while creme brulee, chocolate ice cream and fruit sorbets are also popular.

Gorky Park released a series of souvenirs – pieces of the park, which you can always carry with you.

In 2011 and 2012 Gorky Park was named the best park in Moscow.

Golitsyn pond in Gorky Park can boast 400 kg of fish – grass carp and silver carp.

The park has its own mobile app for iPhone.

Gorky covers an area of ​​119 hectares and, though looks huge, is considered one of the smallest touristy parks of Moscow. If you are curious, here are some of the famous landmarks, listed from the smallest to the largest: Abramtsevo (50 ha), Tsaritsino (100 ha), Gorky Park (119 ha), Kolomenskoe and Sparrow Hills (390 ha), Sokolniki (600 ha), Izmaylovskiy Park (1534 ha).

Gorky Park is opened to public 24/7 for free. Before 2011, the park had an entrance fee for all 83 years of its existence.

Europe’s largest ice rink with artificial ice is also in Gorky Park.

Kolomenskoe

Kolomenskoe is a full–fledged residence of the tsar. Nowadays Kolomenskoye is a Natural Landscape Museum-Reserve in the open air: Ethnographic art, historical and architectural complex with the existing facilities of the medieval farm, stables, a forge, an apiary, a watermill – all located on 390 hectares with 19 cultural and historical monuments, of which eleven are of federal significance – and several are UNESCO-listed.

The estate was built by Tsar Alexei Romanov – the second of the Romanov dynasty to rule Russia, and father of Tsar Peter the Great, who spent his youth there.

FASCINATING FACTS

The extraordinary palace of Tsar Alexei Romanov is a modern reconstruction, as the original was burnt down accidentally in a fire. It's appearance is in the so-called 'Terem' style – like a stylized chocolate-box. The original palace was considered one of the wonders of its age.

There are many strange legends about the Estate grounds – including that the Goose-Stone can convey great potency to men, and the Maidenhood Stone, which can help childless women to find happiness in motherhood.

The grounds of today's Estate were inhabited even in the Stone Age. Archaeologists have made finds dating back to the 5th-3rd centuries BC.

Since 2012, the Kolomenskoe Estate has hosted Russia's largest annual Honey Fair. Beekeepers from all over Russia take part.

Church of the Ascension was built in honor of the heir of Vasiliy III – Tsar Ivan the Terrible, a landmark figure in the future Russia. The height of the tents of the cathedral reaches 62 meters, and the walls are 3 meter think. This church is a “pearl” of Russian culture.

Ivan the Terrible married in Church of Beheading of St. John the Forerunner in 1547.

In the XVII century the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty – Mikhail Fedorovich – declared Kolomenskoe the royal summer residence, where the ruler and his family used to spend a lot of time later.

In 1667 Alexey Romanov laid the foundation stone of the famous Kolomna Palace. The best domestic carpenters, architects and other craftsmen took part in building the towers and chambers. The royal estate consisted of 270 rooms. The height of the chambers reached 30 meters! No wonder the palace was called the “eighth wonder of the world.” As a result, by the end of the 17th century, Kolomenskoe formed a Sovereign yard.

Conclusion:

There are a lot of sights in Moscow. It is very difficult to choose from them. And yet, I’ve tried to choose the places where you should visit first of all if you want to get to know Moscow and get to know this beautiful city better. You can enjoy reading and learning more about main Moscow sights, their history and interesting facts. Besides, you have an opportunity to use my tourist guide for a short tour in Moscow to feel better Moscow location and orientation.

We started our tour with a saying: «Those who have not been to Moscow have not seen beauty». YOU'VE SEEN IT NOW!

References, Internet sources

Lobanova T.: Moscow, in English-128 p

Mikhail Zhebrak: Walking in Moscow with Mikhail Zhebrak-256 p

Moscow is famous and unfamiliar. Sights of the city-196 p

Site: www.kreml.ru

https://armoury-chamber.kreml.ru/

Site: www.saintbasil.ru

Site: www.bolshoi.ru

Site: http://moscowzoo.ru

Site: www.vdnh.ru

Site: www.tvtower.ru

https://www.park-gorkogo.com

Site: www.mgomz.ru

ANNEXES

ANNEXES 1. Tourist guide for a short tour in Moscow