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Features of appeals in English based on the material of the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre"

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Туркова Е.Е. 1

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1МАОУ СОШ №4 г.Ишима

Моор И.В. 1

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1МАОУ СОШ №4 г.Ишима

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Introduction

This work is devoted to the study of addresses in English. The purpose of addresses is to attract the attention of the person to whom the speaker is addressing. Thus, the appeal, first of all, has communicative tasks.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that appeals are not only a form of speech etiquette, establishing contact, but also a linguistic means of expressing mutual relations between people in a certain social community. Also, the use of addresses is determined by the knowledge of the social and cultural life of a person who speaks a given language, and has national specifics.

In our work, we studied the history of the development of forms of address in the English language. They determined the types and functions of calls, gave morphological and syntactic characteristics, indicated structural features.

The object of the research is the use of the English language as a means of interpersonal influence in speech communication.

The subject of the study is the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of references in the English language.

The aim of the study is to study the features of the functioning of various forms of address in the English language.

Based on the objectives of the study, we were given the following tasks:

1. Tracing the history of the development of forms of address.

2. Consider the types and functions of calls.

3. Reflect the morphological and syntactic characteristics of calls.

4. Specify the structural features of calls.

5. Make a card file of references in the novel.

6. Analyze the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of the appeal in the novel and determine their function in the text.

Stages of work

The first stage - theoretical, was devoted to the definition of the methodological basis and theoretical base, its substantiation, study and analysis of the literature on the problem under study. During this period, the problem, goal, research hypothesis were formulated, research objectives were developed.

The second stage was characterized by the study of morphological, structural and semantic features of appeals, comprehension of the results of the study, and their generalization.

The third stage is the analysis of the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre", the compilation of a file of references in the novel, the identification of their morphological, syntactic characteristics, the definition of their functions in the text.

In the course of the study, we used the following methods: the study of scientific literature, search for information on the topic, textual analysis, lexical analysis, classification, generalization, quantitative sampling.

We assume that:

1. Appeal - an element of speech etiquette, is a system of stable communication formulas for establishing speech contact between interlocutors.

2. Appeals have morphological, syntactic and semantic features.

3. Appeals in the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre" are used not only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, but also to express the mutual relationship between the characters.

Research material: S. Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre".

The theoretical significance lies in the fact that we have studied the scientific literature on the topic, defined the functions of calls, indicated the morphological, syntactic and structural features of calls, determined the importance of studying the calls of the target language for successful communication.

The practical significance of this study is that this work can be used by teachers in teaching English, analyzing texts in the classroom, or optionally.

Chapter I

1.1. Historical development of forms of communication

In the first chapter, we will consider the concept of "conversation" and analyze the basic principles of the study of linguistic and cultural characteristics of addresses, as well as the role of language and culture in intercultural communication.

For several centuries, in official communication among the highest nobility, addresses have been developed, which in linguistic literature are usually defined as etiquette forms of politeness.

These forms include titles, which not only performed the functions of establishing or maintaining contact between communicants, but also made it possible to accurately identify the status role of the interlocutor, while most of them indicated a step in the hierarchical system.

Appeals include proper names and pronouns bestowed by the king on titles in the aristocratic strata of class society: king, queen, as well as more general names of persons belonging to a privileged stratum of society: sir, gentlemen, master (mr), madam, mistress (mrs) , miss, lady, which are currently mainly used regardless of whether the addressee belongs to a certain social stratum of society.

The expansion of the range of application of the latter occurred under the influence of political, economic and social factors. This is especially evident in the example of the gentleman appellative, the history of which is similar to the development of other etiquette forms of address.

This is a noun as a designation for persons of a certain status or rank, i.e. as a title begins to function at the beginning of the 15th century, first appearing in the list of landowners among knights and householders. Initially, it united the younger offspring of noble families who, without a fortune, sought their happiness and wealth in wars with France. These people did not have a certain status, however, not wanting to mix with free people of humble origin, they preferred to call themselves gentlemen. As a result of frequent marriages between the offspring of gentlemen, merchants, the boundaries between them were blurred. In the future, the process of expanding the scope of addressing the gentleman appellative was greatly accelerated, which was facilitated by the ease of obtaining titles, which was characteristic of the 17th-18th centuries. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the final change in the meaning of this appeal occurs after the suffrage reform of 1832, which recognized the bourgeoisie as the ruling class not only economically, but also politically. From that moment on, the appellative gentleman, used as an address only in the plural, no longer meant belonging to the nobility, but indicated a decent position in society, education or good manners [16, p.605].

Similarly, there was an expansion of the meaning of the appellative sir, formerly a form of title and address to knights, barons or kings; addresses master (mr), mistress (mrs), used mainly in relation to a person in authority: mistress, owner, official; appeals lady, madam, dame, used in the 15th-16th centuries. only in relation to titled ladies.

Thus, initially all etiquette forms of address were means of titles for persons of noble origin: knights, barons, wealthy landowners, etc. Later, in the course of the capitalist degeneration of the English economy and the development of commodity-money relations, the rise of the petty and middle nobility, the bourgeoisie, took place, which, in turn, was accompanied by a certain democratization of social relations, which directly affects the forms of speech etiquette. The nomination of the "new nobility", the industrial and rural bourgeoisie contributed to the expansion of the boundaries of addressing titles and their transition to etiquette used in all social strata in the areas of official communication and in an informal setting.

1.2 Theoretical justification of the study

In modern life, the success of people and society as a whole largely depends on the development of their communication means and ability to communicate. To transmit and receive the necessary information, it is necessary to influence the addressee. Speech addressing is a universal category. It has an extensive arsenal of means of expression, both verbal and non-verbal.

The main means of expressing the category of addressability is traditionally considered to be an appeal. When addressing each other, people use this or that address. The choice of the form of address, as a rule, depends on such social parameters as subordination, generation, age, profession, education, place of residence, topic of conversation, degree of acquaintance, nationality, race, gender.

“Communication is a way to show one's attitude to the interlocutor” [2, p.341]. Communication, in turn, begins with an appeal. We call the interlocutor by name, by surname, by nickname or in another way.

L.Yu. Ivanova identifies the appeal with a way of attracting attention, defining it as an etiquette situation of entering into speech contact. The appeal, in her opinion, has the following meanings: to give the other communicator the role of the addressee, to call, call on him, to attract his attention for a subsequent question, message, motivation [5, p.40].

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova gives the following definition of appeal: “Appeal - 1) manifestation of attitude towards someone or something in behavior, in actions; 2) an appeal, speech or request addressed to someone; 3) in grammar: a word or a group of words that is used to call the person they are addressing” [8, p.428]

N.I. Formanovskaya writes: “We play like a complex musical instrument, addressing our acquaintances, friends, relatives, colleagues, passers-by. We turn on this or that register of communication, choose this or that tonality in the diverse conditions of complex speech interactions. Further, the author continues: “the appeal is the most common language unit associated with etiquette signs”, “the linguistic forms of establishing contact with the interlocutor while demonstrating mutual social and personal relationships are the essence of the appeal”. [11, p.83].

Thus, an appeal is the most common language unit with which you can express a request and show your attitude towards a person.

The purpose of using addresses is to attract the attention of the person to whom the speaker is addressing.

Based on the above goal, the following communicative tasks of using addresses in dialogical communication can be distinguished:

- Express polite, respectful attitude towards the interlocutor.

- Indicate that specific information will be sent to the person to whom this message is addressed.

- Remove depersonalization, show interest in the personality of the other as a subject of communication. An example of the implementation of this communicative task is the repeated naming of the same person in the speech situation of a single addressee, which cannot be used for any other purpose than holding his attention, achieving maximum contact with him.

- To evoke positive emotions in the interlocutor. To implement this communicative task, emotional appeals containing a positive assessment of the addressee by the speaker can be used.

- To form an attraction (a feeling of mutual sympathy).

After analyzing the above communicative tasks, we can conclude that the appeal is not only an important element of entering into a dialogue and maintaining communication, but also a psychological technique used in communication.

1.3 Circulation, its types and functions

Exploring the nature of the call, it is necessary to turn to its functions. In different sources, it is customary to single out from one to six conversion functions. After analyzing the materials on this issue, we came to the conclusion that the functions of circulation are most fully represented by Zh.E. Seitzhanov, who identifies nine such functions:

- function of naming the addressee of speech (nominative function).

- the function of attracting the attention of the interlocutor to the message, encouraging the interlocutor to listen.

- function of evaluation of the addressee (positive, negative or neutral).

- perlocutionary function (the function of influencing the addressee to achieve a certain goal): positive assessments of the addressee mainly pursue the achievement of the goal set by the speaker.

- identification function.

- deictic (indicative) function.

- the function of expressing politeness.

- emotive function (function of expression of emotion).

- regulatory function: the appeal regulates the communicants in the process of communication.

All these functions, according to the author, are not isolated, but are implemented in interconnection [10, p.140]

Thus, we can conclude that appeal is a multifunctional lexical-syntactic and stylistic phenomenon. In speech, it can act as an independent one-part sentence, or as a semi-predicative syntactic unit as part of a complicated sentence, or as an introductory element in a sentence.

As forms of address, proper names, titles, addresses associated with the position that communicants occupy in the family in relation to each other, as well as personal pronouns can be used [14, p.81]. Depending on the addressee, appeals can be:

- Names of a person or group of persons (dear friends, ladies and gentlemen, darling, Sir)

- Names of an animated creature - not a face: My lovely little kitten!

- Inanimate object names (usually when impersonated): Stars, bring me up with you, bring me to the place you sleep.

Different forms of address can also be used depending on the form of speech:

- in colloquial speech, non-common appeals are more common, calling a person by name, by surname;

- in written speech there are common appeals. In them, the name of the person is often accompanied by definitions that express the attitude of the speaker to the named person;

- extremely diverse in structure and meaning of appeal in the language of works of art, especially in poetic speech. They draw the reader's attention to the addressee.

From the point of view of the criterion, the norms of address can be conditionally differentiated into normative and non-normative, since the choice and use of the address, like any other speech unit, is dictated by the norms that exist in the language of a particular community of people.

Normative refers to those appeals that are the "norms of the system", i.e. they are divorced from a specific speech situation, are of a general nature, and their knowledge is an indispensable condition for the implementation of the communication process in a given language. Such appeals have many features in common with speech stereotypes, they have such characteristics as stability, reproducibility in a fixed form, rituality. Their use is determined by the conditions of the communicative situation (to whom the message is addressed under what circumstances communication takes place, etc.). And is controlled by the background knowledge of the speaker, i.e. the speaker, knowing the norms of the language system, when addressing his message, uses the standard formula of address, which he considers acceptable within the framework of this communicative situation [1, p.5]. Thus, the addresser uses the speech pattern adopted by the language system of a particular society.

Normative (or stereotyped) are etiquette appeals (for example: Mr., Miss, Mrs., Ms.,) + the surname of the one (the one) who is being addressed: Mr. Jones. Miss is used for a young or unmarried woman. Students can use it if their teacher is a young woman. Good morning, miss! The polite form of addressing a woman is Madam. Can I help you ma'am? The address Sir is used without a first and last name. In group address, it is replaced by the word gentlemen, and Madam is replaced by the word ladies,

Professionally official (for example: Doctor, Professor, Colonel, Minister, Speaker, etc.), i.e. appeals identifying the social or professional status of the addressee. But besides them, normative (stereotypical) are evaluative and characterizing appeals, terms of kinship, appeals that identify gender and age characteristics.

Non-normative can be called those appeals that are not present in the mind of the speaker, i.e. are not the rules of the system. In this case, the speaker in the process of naming is guided not by a stereotypical situation, but by personal knowledge about his interlocutor, emphasizing his emotional-subjective assessment of the interlocutor (his behavior, one of his character traits, etc.) when addressing. Examples of such appeals are: Mr. Married, Mr. Cool, Mr. Big Man.

As the examples above demonstrate, the first component of these addresses is a standard address that identifies a person's social status, and the use of the second component instead of a standard proper name can only be explained in a communicative-pragmatic context.

Thus, the above examples of appeals in terms of their form (external features) do not belong to the normative, generally accepted ones. It should be noted that both normative and non-normative appeals are inherent in the colloquial style of communication, which confirms the dual nature of this style of communication: on the one hand, standardization, adherence to normative forms enshrined in the language, and on the other hand, emotionality, evaluativeness, expressiveness. The use of one or another type of address is determined by the communicative-pragmatic context of the situation of communication.

So, the norms and rules for the use of addresses depend on: speech motivation (communicative intention); the circumstances of reality in which the act of communication is carried out; relations between communicants, each of which has a certain set of social roles [14, p.76].

Speech motivation is considered as an important communicative or text-forming factor in the act of communication, which predetermines the choice of forms of address.

1.4 Morphological characteristics of calls

The classification of English address in terms of morphological characteristics is reduced to the use of three significant parts of speech as an address: a noun, a substantiated adjective and a pronoun. It should be noted that only the name can realize the nominative function of the language, which consists in the ability of a language unit to name not only an object or phenomenon, but also any other element of the real world.

The noun, which has an "extremely heterogeneous character", reflects "the nominative activity of the speaker - the individual" [6, p.21]. The nouns that act as an address are also heterogeneous.

Proper nouns, functioning as addresses, are quite frequent and variable. An appeal expressed by a proper name can be represented by:

- the full form of the name, for example: Matthew, Megan;

- a short form of the name, for example: Mat, Meg;

- a diminutive form of the name, for example: Meggy.

- only a surname (as well as a nickname), for example: McQuillan;

- a combination of first and last name, for example: Stephen Gaunt.

Common nouns acting as addresses are characterized by even greater heterogeneity, which makes the process of their classification quite difficult, since it can be based on various principles and criteria. Among common nouns, a subclass of abstract names is often used, which characterize the addressee "according to his role in the life of the speaker" and represent him "as the source of certain states of the author of the speech" [2,345].

1.5 Semantic characteristics of calls

With regard to the semantic characteristics of calls, it must be emphasized that the calls contain at least two (or more) differentiating semantic features:

- semantic sign of gender and age - little man;

- gender and social status - address Sir;

- gender and title - Duchess (Duchess);

- gender, relationship and age - daddy.

But this cannot be said about evaluative-characterizing appeals that function in communicative situations where there is a personal distance of communication, the only differentiating semantic feature of which is the sign of a personal relationship. So, for example, the appeal darling can be used in relation to a man, woman or child, the appeal silly also contains only a differentiating semantic feature of the psychological characteristics of the addressee.

These appeals are evaluative and characterizing, in which the subjective factor is of significant importance, since "the nominee, in addition to the implementation of the nominative intention, also pursues another goal - to evaluate the called object in a certain way" [7, p.63].

Thus, such appeals contain an emotional component inserted by the sender of the message in relation to his interlocutor - the addressee of the message.

The appeals expressed by the pronoun do not differ in significant variability. Basically, the following categories of pronouns are used as addresses: personal pronoun of the 2nd person, singular or plural - you; definitive pronouns everyone, everybody. Pronouns do not name the addressee of the message, but only point to him, which means that the addresses represented by the pronoun cannot realize the nominative function, which differs from all other addresses.

In addition, it is possible to use a pronoun as an address in combination with a numeral, for example: Listen, you two. In those communicative situations where there is a personal distance of communication, the address is very often accompanied by the possessive pronoun my. On the one hand, it increases the degree of privacy of communication and indicates a positive attitude of the speaker towards his interlocutor. On the other hand, an appeal expressed by a combination of the possessive pronoun my, an evaluative-characterizing appeal and (or) a proper name (or gender and age address), very often carries a connotation of instruction, teaching, as in the following examples: Whatever you do, my dear boy, marry a girl who's your equal [14, p.81].

1.6 Structural features of calls

In English, one word, an undivided and binomial combination of words, a group of words interconnected by the union “and” can act as an appeal function, which makes it possible to distinguish between simple, complex and compound appeals.

A simple appeal consists either of a single word (noun - proper or common noun; adjective; personal, indefinite or reflexive pronoun; adverb), or from unseparated combinations of words: Hi, everyone! Sit down, Ann!

The compound call is the result of the merger of calls -girl number ten; or the result of a complication of a simple address, expressed in one word, or an undivided combination of words, the determiner is my darling dear Miss Floy.

Another determiner a second or even a third time can in turn, complicate an invocation complicated by a determiner. As determinants in complex circulation can be:

- possessive pronoun of the 1st person - my father; in the function of a postpositive definition in English inversion, the absolute form mine-mother mine, sister of mine can act;

- adjective and participle - young ladies, dear old girl;

- a noun in the general and possessive case Walter's uncle.

Speaking about the structural features of calls in colloquial speech. It is necessary to note the use of double calls, for example: Beverly, dear; Jeff, darling; Vinnie, baby. The examples given show that in the role of the first appeal, a proper name is used in full, short or diminutive form, in the role of the second, as a rule, evaluative and characterizing appeals.

Appeals of a similar structure implement an influencing function (especially for the second appeal) and play the role of a positive tone of communication, which, largely due to the very structure of the appeal, becomes inherent in the shade of a friendly, sympathetic, edifying attitude of the speaker to the addressee.

Another feature of the structure of appeals is the degree of their prevalence. Common calls contain one or more definitions, usually stereotyped, for example: Poor little Sally; My dear young lady. It is quite rare to find addresses distributed in an unconventional way, for example: Ella Brady from Tara Road, how are you? Using such appeals, the addresser not only tries to establish a channel of communication with the addressee, but also, depending on the communication situation, using the attributes combined with the appeal, express his positive attitude (participation, sympathy, edification) towards the interlocutor, as well as negative or ironic.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

The study carried out suggests that:

1. For the first time, the term "appeal" was introduced by M.V. Lomonosov, which was interpreted as addressing and embellishing speech.

2. Appeal is the most common language unit, the purpose of which is to attract the attention of the person being addressed.

3. The formation of appeals is closely related to the political, economic and social changes that took place in England during the 15th-18th centuries. To the greatest extent, they were reflected in the formation of etiquette forms of politeness, originally intended purely for the title of noble addressees.

At the end of the Middle English period, due to the expansion of the boundaries of address, some of the appellatives with a broader semantics lost the property of identifying an honorary generic or paid title, turning into stamps of addresses that function in all social strata of society, both in official and everyday speech.

4. Appeals can be divided into normative and non-normative. It is also very important that addresses can be classified morphologically: the use of the full, short, diminutive forms of the name. Only the surname can be used, or both the given name and the surname.

Semantically, the appeal can indicate gender and age, gender and status, title, as well as indicate kinship and age.

Chapter II Appeal in the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre"

2.1 Appeal as a reflection of the relationship between the characters

One of the main functions of the appeal is that it has an evaluative value, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor. “The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state” [7, p.126].

After reading and analyzing the novel "Jane Eyre", for the convenience of analysis, we conditionally divided it into several parts:

Part 1 - Jane Eyre's childhood in the family of Aunt Reed.

The action of the novel begins in the house of Mrs. Reed, the widow of Jane Eyre's uncle, when the girl was 10 years old. Mrs. Reid was the guardian of the girl at the will of her husband and with great difficulty fulfilling his last wish, in fact, she could hardly bear the presence of the child. Domineering and selfish, Mrs. Reed unfairly infringes on Jane, setting as an example her, in fact, unworthy children. From that moment on, with her love, complete disregard for the evil deeds of her own children, she spoiled them so much that they eventually lost their sense of humanity and compassion. Understanding what is permitted and forbidden (most of all, this applies to her son, John, whose life, due to bad upbringing, ended very sadly). Her beloved children perceived even the funeral of Mrs. Reed, their mother, as a tedious task that did not cause much emotion. Of course, first of all, we traced the relationship of the characters through the analysis of the appeals of the first part of the novel. Addresses used by the characters of the first part of the novel for verbal communication (Appendix 1)

Appeals are presented:

• full names: Jane;

• short (diminutive): Lizzy; Bessie;

• official (status indication): Miss Eyre, Mr. Brocklehurst;

Semantically, appeals indicate:

• gender: Bessie, Jane Eyr;

• gender and social status: Mr. Brocklehurst;

• gender and age: Little girl;

• gender and relationship: Aunt Reed.

According to the structure of the appeal, there are:

• simple: Eliza, Georgiana;

• difficult: Madam Mope, Master Reed, Little girl.

Complex calls can be represented by the following schemes: (N+name):Jane Eyr; (status/social role+Name) Brocklehurst; (Adj+Name) Little girl;

Part 2 - Jane Eyre's life in Lowood (orphanage).

The boarding school also known as the Lowood Orphanage became a real salvation for Jane. Despite the fact that the pupils of this gloomy educational institution were often forced to be content with meager food, walk in the same brown dresses made of coarse fabric, often slept in twos on uncomfortable beds, warmed themselves at the orphan fire and listened to the instructions of boring old maids.

Against the backdrop of all this despondency, only one figure stood out headmistress Miss Maria Tempel, who had no family of her own and gave all her affection and care to her beloved students Jane Eyre and Helen Burns - a smart, kind young girl with whom Jane became friends. Helen impressed Jane with her knowledge, fortitude and Christian humility. Helen Burns dies during a typhus epidemic. After spending eight years in an orphanage, Jane received her ticket to adulthood. So, we are studying the inversions of this part of the work (Appendix 2).

Part 3 - Jane Eyre in Thornfield.

As a boarding school graduate, eighteen-year-old Jane Eyre sends an ad to the newspaper and is invited to raise the girl Adele, at the wealthy Thornfield estate. The owner of the estate and Adele's guardian is Mr. Edward Rochester. He admired the intelligence, kindness, impregnability of the new governess, Jane was attracted by the rough-hearted mockery, life wisdom. Two people fell in love with each other. At the estate, Jane met Mrs. Fairfax, who was Thornfield's housekeeper. Mrs. Fairfax saw in Jane a delicate nature in need of support and became kind and caring to her. During Jane Eyre's service at the estate, guests from Rochester arrive with a possible bride, Ingram Blanche. We can observe the relationship of people through the appeal of the characters to each other (Appendix 3).

Part 4 is the reunion of Jane Eyre and Edward Rochester.

After fleeing the estate, Jane taught at a rural school, but accidentally learned about the tragedy that happened to her beloved and returned to Thornfield. Edward Rochester appeared before her without a hand and completely blind (Appendix 4).

After analyzing the hits of these parts of the text, we can say that we have identified 125 hits. The author uses both normative and non-normative references. Examples can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1

Analysis of normative and non-normative appeals in the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre"

- If friendship existed between people of different ages, then the elder could address, emphasizing this difference: “Oh no, child!”, “God bless you, my children!”.

- When addressing the bridegroom with the bride, the appeals my darling, my dear and the like with a proper name are used.

6. Preference is given to official forms of address: Miss, Missis, Mister.

From the table, we can conclude that 125 units of references are used in the novel. It should be noted that we did not count the same type of calls. Used normative appeals-60 units (48%), non-normative-65 units (52%). Further, by means of mathematical calculations, we determined that, according to the structure, in the novel there are 49 units (39%) of simple appeals and 76 units (61%) of complex ones.

The use of complex, in terms of structure, appeals in a literary text often helps us understand the status, character of heroes, characters, and serve to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Chapter 2 Conclusions

After studying the scientific linguistic literature on the topic, analyzing the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre", we can state that the purpose of our study, the study of the features of the functioning of various forms of address in the English language, has been achieved. Our assumptions are that:

1. Appeal - an element of speech etiquette, which reflects the features, is a system of stable communication formulas for establishing speech contact between interlocutors.

2. Appeals have morphological, syntactic and semantic features.

3. Appeals in the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre" are used not only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, but also to express the mutual relationship between the characters - confirmed.

The novel uses 125 units of address, which are represented by simple - 60 units (48%) and complex - 65 units (52%) forms.

Also, the results of the study showed that in terms of the structure of circulation, they are presented as simple - 49 units (39%), and complex - 61 units (76%).

1. In the novel by S. Bronte "Jane Eyre", children, as a rule, addressing their parents, call them: "mama", "dear mama", "my lady-mother".

2. When referring to relatives, words are used that indicate the degree of kinship: “aunt”, “wife”, “cousin”, “sister”, “mother”.

Also by name: "Lizzy", "Georgy" (Eliza, Georgiana), Jane.

The aunt refers to her niece using the short form of the name, and the address niece is not used, which, in our opinion, reflects the nature of interpersonal relationships.

Brothers and sisters do the same to each other.

At the time of a quarrel, hostile relations, rude words are used: “Madam Mope!”, “Wicked and cruel boy!”, “Rat! Rat!”, “Trouble some, careless child!”.

Children are addressed using both proper names and various affectionate forms of address: “my best”, “my dearest”, “my lily-flower”, “my angel girl”.

3. Appeal to friends, well-known people by name, as well as: “good people”, “dear boys”, “my good fellow”.

Conclusion

Appeal is the most common language unit with which you can express a request and show your attitude towards a person. The purpose of appeals is to attract the attention of the person to whom they are addressing. In our work, we have explored that addresses in the English language have their own history and their own transformation.

Appeals, depending on the communicative tasks, have functions. Appeal is a multifunctional lexical-syntactic and stylistic phenomenon. As forms of address, proper names, titles, addresses related to the position that communicants occupy in the family in relation to each other, as well as personal pronouns can be used.

We have given morphological, semantic and structural characteristics of calls.

S. Bronte «Jane Eyre», from which we concluded that in the novel the author uses both normative and non-normative references, which have a simple and complex structure, referred in the novel. Also, appeals in the text perform an important communicative function, indicating not only the gender, age of the heroes of the novel, but also the status, family relationships, and personal relationships. We characterized all addresses of the novel morphologically, syntactically. From which we can conclude that our hypothesis is confirmed.

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