XIX Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся
Старт в науке
Британский дом
Автор работы награжден дипломом победителя II степени
Полная версия работы доступна во вкладке "Файлы работы" в формате PDF
1. Introduction
We study English. English is an international language. About 20 % of the world’s population speak English. Most vocabulary in the modern computing is in English. We think it is necessary to know English well. In the future we are going to visit Great Britain, to see its sights. Great Britain is a country of our dream. We will have to stay in English houses.
We think our topic is actually because the foreigners from Great Britain come to us. It is important to know where the British live, what living conditions they have. We would like to make Russian living conditions closer to theirs. That is why we are interested in British houses.
Object: houses.
Subject: British houses.
The purpose of our report is to learn much more about British houses.
Tasks:
1) to study the articles and the texts about the British houses from different sources;
2) to describe the types of the British houses;
3) to learn British houses inside and outside;
4) to learn about the features of Scottish style.
Hypothesis: British house shows a social position of the British.
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2. Outside the British house
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2.1. Typical British houses
About 80 per cent of Britons live in houses. [2] This is partly explained by the geographical isolation of the UK mainland. The desire for isolation characteristic of the British housing.
In British cities, there are three main types of houses: detached houses, semi-detached houses and houses of linear development.
Detached house stands on its own plot of land, usually costs more than the others.
Semi-detached house is like a separate house, but shares a wall with his neighbor. Therefore, it is usually less than a separate house. Most of these houses have two floors, with two rooms and a kitchen downstairs and a bedroom and bathroom on the top.
House of linear development represents one row of houses built in blocks of four, or even more. Sometimes these houses occupy a whole street. [Appendix 1]
Less popular, but less expensive town houses of following types: Municipal House and altitude.
Municipal houses are usually rented. As a rule, there live the workers, who are not able to buy own house, as well as youth.
High-rise buildings are as Russian high-rises. Housing in them, is usually not very expensive.
Houses of these types also exist in English villages. In addition, there are building such houses, bungalows and cottages.
Bungalow is a one-story, single family house, is especially popular among older people, as there are no steps. Bungalows built along the southern coast, where there are many seaside resorts, and where people are moving, retiring. [Appendix 1]
A cottage is a small old single or semi-detached house, often with old wooden beams inside, and perhaps with straw or thatched roof and attractive flower garden. The cottages were originally simple houses of village people, and often had no running water or other amenities. Today, many of them are considered as the ideal home for a very attractive rural surroundings. [Appendix 1]
2.2. The appearance of the house
The appearance of the English house is amazing. You need to read the descriptions in the English works of art. "Colonel Hodge lived in "the Manor" in a big house with a beautiful gabled roof, located in the village itself, and Park on one side is also adjacent to a meadow of Westmancote" [3].
Today in the UK you can see houses built in different architectural styles: Renaissance, English Gothic, Georgian style, the So-called "English style", which is now widely used in the construction of classical mansions and the design of classic interiors, actually is a mixture of Georgian style and style "Regency".
For houses built in this style, characterized by exposed brick wall outside the window with frequent binding, painted white.
Materials that the English use for construction of their houses, due to the geographically. This can be natural stone, brick, wood for interior decoration and construction of houses, shingles and cane (or straw) for a roof. Wood trim is expensive, because the large forests in the country are not exist.
In England it is foggy. Therefore, the main material for the construction of the house is stone and brick. It is more resistant to rot in damp conditions, and protect from fire in case of fire. In England there is unstable weather with strong winds, which can easily carry the flame.
In England frosts does not happen, in general, the temperature rarely falls below zero, and the winter is mild and warm. In January the average temperature is nine-eleven degrees above zero. So in English homes people do not use double glazing on the Windows. The so-called "English" window is arranged differently from normal. In England the window climb steeply up, slipping on special wheels.
Also you will not see double entrance doors, one door with glass insert in the top, and it immediately leads to the street.
A natural phenomenon for the British is the garden or lawn and very well-kept flower beds in front of the house. If you look at any of the English towns with height, before the eyes opens the picture, which you can see a lot of boxes, standing in a row in each quarter, around which a small piece of green land. As growing of flowers for the British hobby, they are given quite a lot of values. For example, the month of may is the traditional time when the celebration is held Gardens and flowers». City Chelsea meets all came from different parts of Britain look at the built gardens and various compositions of flowers.
3. Inside the British house
3.1. Schematic plan of the British house
Typical houses, which are homes to most of the UK population, mostly two-story. On the ground floor you can see a living room, a study (if it exists) and a kitchen, On the first floor you can see a bedroom, a bathroom and a toilet. Kitchen in most cases is a small room, however, if possible, the British organize the so-called farmhouse kitchen - the kitchen, in which the whole family can be gathered at the table. Living room for the English is very important because it is considered an important element of comfort and privacy. The most common word is "living room", which translates as "common room". The middle and upper classes usually use the name "sitting room" - literally "the location for the seat, whereas the representatives of the working class called living room "lounge "room for idleness".
In even very small houses there are usually two living rooms. The first one is for official guests and formal visits, and the other is for family members and closest friends. Modern homes, however, are built with one living room, but for the observance of the traditions there is a hall - meeting place for guests. A real estate agent, advertising a particular house, will tell about its living room.
Doors in the house can be one of two. The "front" with a worn and faded paint - looks antique, and this is specifically "old". An essential attribute of such doors are polished handles of different forms - in the form of lion's head, bird legs, rings and so on, but the back door, if it exists, is designed for home owners.
The Windows in the houses are wide, and face the street. Despite the fact that the British are closed people, black-out curtains are rarely seen in the windows of their homes, except that the tulle. Windows are often in the form of "the lantern".
3.2.The features of the British interior
"Island isolation of cool England left its mark on the design of the house. Everything is conservative in England. Each generation adds to the layout of the house something new without changing the atmosphere of antiquity, remaining faithful to the traditions, appreciating the legacy of the ancestors. Luxury and respectability are the main features of English interior" [7].
Usually rooms in the English house are decorated in the Georgian style (a plaster wall decorations), mirrors in massive frames, candles, thin curtains, collected from one edge. [10].
Entering the house you find yourself in a hall, with a large staircase to the top. The stairs are usually decorated in bright colors, decorated with sculptures and carvings. Hall was an integral part of the English house in the past. It met visitors and it was filled with light and comfort.
Its purpose is to welcome guests, to arrange parties. The furniture in the living room was made from natural wood - oak, walnut, upholstery was made of natural wool fabrics, soft carpet on the floor, lamps with marble base, but a light shade, massive watch - all surrounded by a special aura and creates the charm of an English home. Watch is an important attribute English at home. Read the Evelyn In: "In a small living room there was silence; only six different watches calmly ticked among upholstered in cretonne furniture and pots of azaleas" [3].
In the interior are used different colors. Some of them correspond to the seasons of the year: red - autumn, with its falling leaves, yellow - spring awakening life, blue - winter, with cool nights, bright colors of summer. Pictures of walls and textiles can be very diverse, from strips to large bouquets of flowers on the curtains and bedspreads. An important place in the decoration occupy accessories - blankets, pillows, sofas and armchairs, lamps, curtains. [7]
Historically, mandatory attribute English at home is the fireplace. It creates comfort and a special atmosphere of antiquity; can be made of different materials, from brick to natural stone. The obligatory presence of the fireplace due to the fact that even today, in the XXI century, about a third of the English houses have no Central heating. And their inhabitants often do not seek Central heating to acquire. In those cases, when the Central heating is, the British establish a special mode when the boiler operates only a few hours a day only in the morning, for example, and in the evening, and at night off in order to save. It is interesting that the fireplace and, accordingly, the chimney are always in the outer wall of the house, and not in the interior, such as an oven in the Russian huts! This is because the fireplace in English, the interior is a sacred cow. Not being able to be practically usable, it remains a symbol of peace and tranquility in the house." [8].
Without which it is difficult to imagine the British house without a fireplace. It actually still has not passed their positions, though, and turned into a purely decorative accessory family life, as in the 60-ies of the last century fireplaces were forbidden to heat with coal. However, some homeowners still use it for their intended purpose, making under gas fuel or using smokeless wood, although it is expensive. So the fireplace, even without a fire, still remains the center of the living room, gathering around it all family members.
Most often it is done in the style of the mid-nineteenth century. On the mantelpiece are traditionally watch, pictures of family, flowers in vases, candles in classic brass candlesticks. Appropriate accessories - bronze tongs, broom and poker is certainly hanging next to the fireplace on a special hanger.
A characteristic feature of the English plan - the presence of the Cabinet. It can be made in green, blue or brown tones gives a feeling of austerity and healthy conservatism. The Cabinet accommodates a library, a Desk, sofa or lounge chair and everything you need for professional activity of the owner. [Appendix 3]
Despite the fact that the British house, as we have said, are small, they are quite spacious. This is achieved by a few "tweaks". Firstly, it is due to the careful attention of the British to light and illumination. So, in the premises they are trying to create a common space from floor to ceiling. To do this, the walls plastered in homes and people give them light colors - warm milk or ivory. These walls seemed to absorb and accumulate daylight, and, of course, visually expand the space. Although, of course, the walls can be painted and papered. But in any case surface is not of dark color. They also leave light wood floors, covering with a thin layer of varnish. Ceilings are often decorated with stucco or ornament. They usually paint stucco and gold. The second "trick" - a minimum of furniture, which, however, has nothing to do with minimalism. Simply nothing more. In the living room there is often a large sofa, in the office - bookshelves, a solid desk and a chair, in the bedroom - a bed, a dresser and a closet. The one who imagines a typical British house only on this description, it may seem that it is boring and bare. But it is not so! English Harmony House is that it is all balanced, symmetrical done with a sense of proportion, but also rich. For example, the couch can be very rich, but the traditionally simple. The room can be furnished strictly with correct configuration, and next - a bizarre Chinese vase. The secret of English comfort - the right choice of color and ornament. All colors are specially selected to each other, and therefore the British house has no rough feeling of monotony: each color component "in common" with the other, or "argues" with them, and ornaments patterns of color make this game even more interesting.
3.3. Scottish style in the interior
Scottish style in the interior uses traditional national motifs in the design of housing. Fine stained glass windows depicting the mythological heroes, as well as entire wooden panels carved with figures on subjects of folk tales and legends. Decor elements of this European ethnic style can be painted in different colors depending on their functional purpose.
Most popular interior pictures - cell and stripe What is good in the interior of the cell? Let's start with the fact that the walls of the cell, as well as plaid furniture and textiles calming effect on the psyche. Cage - an ordered pattern, so people watching plaid objects feel harmony and order. Checkered textiles curtains, upholstery, tablecloths, blankets, etc.. Bring to the house warm comfort. It is known that plaid is strongly associated with the comfort of a winter evening spent on the couch or in a rocking chair near the fireplace.
Tartan - a Scottish ornament, famous throughout the world. Tartan is made up of interlaced perpendicular lines forming rectangles. As a result of such entanglements obtained checkered pattern.
Ornament "tartan" has a huge number of variations: each clan in Scotland had its own unique tartan. Subsequently already designers and artists began to invent new tartans.
Tartans are found everywhere: in the interiors, and clothing, and all sorts of accessories. Plaid equally popular around the world, but to this day it symbolizes Britain in general and Scotland in particular. Plaid long ago became a favorite ornament of the British, who decorated it their home. Therefore, the cell walls as well as furniture and other interior objects with a checkered pattern is one of the main features of the Scottish and English style in the interior.
Figure tartan in the Scottish and English style often can be seen in the upholstery. A little less - in the curtains and tablecloths, as well as in the decoration of the walls (plaid wallpaper, fabric-finishing Scot). In the corridors, hallways and staircases can be used carpeted, runners and mats with ornament "tartan".
Creating a modern interior in English or Scottish style, you should definitely use a tartan. It can be in modern black and white or blue-white interpretation.
If you create a traditional interior, you should choose a classic tartan - often this cell in red, sometimes green and blue colors.
Of course, the Scottish or English interior you can not do without the traditional plaid. You can also select the cell lampshades, chairs with plaid upholstery and other interior items in the box.
Checkered walls, textiles and upholstery are also characteristic of the style of the country - English, American, French and others. Very often you can see the cell in the country-style kitchen: here it is presented in tablecloths, curtains, chair covers, napkins. You can select the wallpaper.
The difference of cells are more pastel, delicate, slightly less contrast in country style than, for example, in the English and Scottish style. Of course, in the style of the country two- or three-colored cell can be.In the country interiors cell combines perfectly with ruffles, lace, floral prints.
Scotland is a cousin of England for many centuries borrowed her options for interior decoration. However, many of the imported items were adapted to the reality of this Northern region.
Scottish and English styles of furniture have similar forms, but differ in the choice of materials, colors and decorative motifs, which have a significant impact on the perception of the atmosphere in the interior.
In the nineteenth century in many country houses of England was very feminine atmosphere which was created by bright pastel colors, realistic floral ornaments. Scottish interior was definitely male. There were used materials such as stone or brick, and a minimum of furniture, and modestly decorated, made of dark wood. This serious atmosphere enlivened only colored woolen fabrics - distinctive Scottish interior detail, which made a good career in the world and still not out of fashion.
Features of Scottish style:
- The use of wool fabrics with checkered pattern (tartan). In each locality, this pattern was different, because the local people have created their own unique ornaments, using dyes that are available in their region. From tartan fabric is not only clothes (kilts or skirts, scarves), but the upholstery of upholstered furniture.
- Wooden furniture. Typically, it has a natural color, darkening with time. All furniture is made of wood, including furniture for sitting (chairs or benches) - upholstered furniture could afford only in wealthy homes.
- The walls are made of stone, brick or wood, as well as the entire building. They are not plastered, not painted and not papered.
- Modest decorations. In addition to checkered fabrics here was used only sheep skins, which were placed on the floor as a replacement for the expensive carpets and hung on the walls, to protect yourself from the Northern cold.
The massive dark wood furniture, pewter dishes - this is a typical kitchen design in the Scottish style.
The skin of cattle and sheep, which farmers have, is used in the interior as often as tartan.Blooming Thistle is the second, after a checkered ornament motif adorning the Scottish house.
4. Research methods
We put forward a hypothesis: the British house shows a social position of the British. In order to test it, we used the method of interviewing the representative of the United Kingdom Doris McCann, group of students visited England and lived in the English families, the method of observation. [Appendix 2]
Our guest from Scotland answered our questions about the houses in the UK. From this interview, we concluded that the British house directly is an indicator of the social status of the British. The British, who have a high income prefer to live in the separate houses. People with low income are forced to live in the houses of linear development. This is also confirmed by my personal watching.
As for me during my visit to England I lived in the detached house.I lived in a family with high income. The family had a large house. It was very convenient. The house was large and had many rooms.
5. Conclusion
As a result of this work we have completed the tasks and have reached the purpose of the report, learned about the British houses.We described the types of the British houses and learned about the features of Scottish style. For this, we used literature on British houses and resources of the Internet.
So, characteristic features of English housing are:
• The desire for isolation;
• Asceticism and efficiency (fireplace instead of Central or gas heating);
• Restraint and austerity in the choice of colours for interior decoration;
• Reliability and durability (durable materials used for construction, solid furniture);
• The popularity of the Georgian style, which received worldwide called "English" style.
Our hypothesis was true: the British house shows a social position of the British.
It was interesting and informative to work on the topic. Thanks to the collection of additional information on the topic we better understood that the character of the Englishman is also characterized by a desire for isolation, self-sufficiency, self-control and reliability.
We will use this report to tell the classmates about English traditions before the trip to England.
6. Listofliterature
1. Великобритания: Лингвострановедческий словарь: Литература. Театр. Кино. Музыка. Танец. Балет. Живопись. Скульптура. Архитектура. Дизайн. СМИ / Сост. Г.Д. Томахин. – М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель», 2001.
2. Томахин. Г.Д. Язык и культура. Великобритания. Дом англичанина - его крепость. Лингвострановедческий справочник. – М.: Просвещение, 2002.
3. Ивлин Во. Дом англичанина. / Избранное. – М.: Лумина, 1978.
4. Колодёжная Л. Н. Познакомьтесь: Великобритания. – М., 2001.
5. Страны мира: Современный справочник. / Сост. Т.В. Горячкина и др. – М.: Издательство «Славянский дом книги», 2020.
6. http://www.alta-d.ru/encyclopedia/design/150304.htm
7. http://www.eremont.ru/enc/design/style/engl_style.html
Appendix 1
Types of British houses
Appendix 2
A questionary for a foreign guest
1. What are the British houses like?
2. Are they different from our houses?
3. What types of houses are there in the UK?
4. How are they heated?
5. Do you have a fireplace in your house?
6. Are fireplaces in houses a tradition or necessity?
7. Do you cover the walls with anything?
8. How do you decorate the walls?
9. Do you have carpets on the walls?
10. What kind of furniture is there in British houses?
11. Are there any vegetable gardens in the UK?
12. Who lives in the separate houses?
13. Who lives in the houses of linear development?
14 Is a British house an indicator of the social status of the British?ppendix3
Фото № 1. Вид в доме гостьи из Шотландии.
Фото № 2. Внутри британского дома.