XX Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

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Разноликий английский

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Пепеляева А.В. 1

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1МБОУ "ВОК" СП Школа № 1

Исаева А.С. 1

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1МБОУ "ВОК" СП Школа № 1

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Introduction:

Nowadays, English is considered the most essential international language. It is spoken by about 1,100,000,000 people in the world, for 400 million of them it is the native language. The number of people who want to study it is constantly growing in the world, because it is the most important language for medicine, aviation, navigation, business and religion. There are lots of variants of English, such as British, American, Australian, New Zealand and Canadian. The most common of them are the British and American versions.

Currently, English is taught in the British version at school, but recently I had a chance to watch an American film with English subtitles, and I noticed that many words and their pronunciation differ from those that we are taught in an English lesson at school. The textbooks give only examples of words of both languages, but there is no specific information about their difference. That is why I decided to analyze these two varieties of language - British and American - to find differences between them and understand how they affect the linguistic component.

The aim of the project:study and identify the main differences between the variants of British and American English.

Tasks:

• consider the origin of British English;

• consider the origin of American English;

• compare grammatical, lexical and phonetic parts of British and American English;

• make a comparative table of words in British and American English.

The project's product:table with the most common variants of words in British and American English.

The object: British English and American English.

Methods of work: search, analysis and comparison of the received information.

The practical value of the project isthat it can be used by students to learn and compare British and American English both in English lessons and in additional classes.

Content

1. Introduction ………………………………………….……………………………2

2. The Origin of British English ………………………………………….………….4

3. The Origin of American English ………………………………………….………5

4. Comparative Analysis of British English and American English ……….………..5

5. Conclusion ………………………………………….……………….………….....8

6. The list of sources ………………………………………….……………………...9

7. Appendix ………………………………………….…………………….………...10

The Origin of British English.

English is a West German language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by German settlers from various parts of northwestern Germany and the north of the Netherlands. The local population at that time were the Brits - the island tribes of the Celts. This group of languages (Welsh, Cornish, Cambrian) coexisted along with English. Originally, old English was one of a group of dialects reflecting the various origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, late West Saxon, eventually became dominant. More idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English, has an Anglo-Saxon origin. The more intellectual and abstract English language contains Latin and French influences, for example, "swine" is an animal in a field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and "pork" is a dish made from an animal that the Normans ate.

Thus, English has become a "borrowed" language with great flexibility and a huge vocabulary.

The Origin of American English.

For almost four hundred years of use in North America, the English language has changed - less in pronunciation and grammar, but very intensively - in vocabulary. English settlements along the Atlantic coast in the 17th century made English the main language in the New World. Americans had to interact side by side with Indians of several language groups, as well as with native speakers of French and Dutch. They had to speak in a new way to communicate with their new neighbors. All these external influences, in the end, made the "American" English different from the British prototype. To date, the English language spoken by Americans is not so diverse. American English is clearly regulated and is the main language of communication and has the status of the state language.

Cultural independence immediately followed political independence. Noah Webster made a huge contribution to the formation of American English. He developed most of the American norms of phonetics, spelling, and vocabulary accepted today.

Comparative Analysis of British English and American English:

a) in phonetics

1.Changing the diphthong [əʊ] to the diphthong [oʊ].

The change of the British diphthong [əʊ] to [oʊ] is one of the distinguishing features of the pronunciation of the British and American versions of English.This change is systematic.

Cold - kəʊld -koʊld

Component - kəmˈpəʊnənt - kəmˈpoʊnənt

2.Changing the sounds [i] and [ai].

Sometimes, when pronounced, the unstressed vowel sound [i] in American English becomes a different sound, mainly the diphthong [ai] and [a].

Privacy - ˈprɪvəsɪ - ˈpraɪvəsɪ

Vitamin - ˈvɪtəmɪn - ˈvaɪtəmɪn

b) in grammar

1. Present Perfect или Past Simple. О н разбил стакан. – He has broken a glass. – He broke a glass. Я уже помыл посуду. - I have already washed the dishes. – I already washed the dishes.

2. Forms of irregular verbs in the past tense.

dive – dived – dived - нырять
In the American version , the second form can be dived и dove.

get – got – got - получать
In the American version: get – got – gotten.

3. Frequently used phrases.

Can I have a cup of coffee? - Can I get a cup of coffee?

I have to go. - I got to go (I gotta go).

I’m fine/well. -I’m good.

c) in vocabulary

1. Different words with the same meaning.

flat – apartment

biscuit – cookie

fortnight – two weeks

2. Using idioms.

wings and roundabouts – ups and downs

a storm in a teacup – a tempest in a teapot

to call a spade a spade – to call it as one see it

3. School.

In America and England, the names of the educational stages also differ.

Primary school – Elementary school Secondary school – Middle school High school (or Secondary school) and Sixth form - High school

As for classes, in America they are all called grades (12 in total), and in the UK years (13 in total).

Classes also have their alternative names.

In America:

9^th grade – Freshman year

10^th grade – Sophomore year

11^th grade – Junior year

12^th grade – Senior year

In Britain:

Year 1 – Infants year 1

Year 2 – Infants year 2

Year 3 – First year Junior and so on

Year 7 – First form and so on

Year 12 – Lower sixth form

Year 13 – Upper sixth form

4. University.

US universities use the word dissertation to refer to a doctoral dissertation. For the British, dissertation is the final work of bachelors or masters. In the USA, a college is a special educational institution that you can enroll in after school in order to obtain higher education. In the UK, a college is any educational institution in which high school graduates can continue their studies without necessarily receiving a higher education.

In the UK, Professor is the highest academic title, followed by Reader, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer. In the USA, any teacher is called a professor.

The meaning of the word “tuition” also differs. The British “tuition” is a common name for the knowledge gained while studying at the university. In American English, the word “tuition” means a tuition fee.

Conclusion.

In this work I have considered in detail the components of British English and American English, how they differ, as well as their history.

I came to the conclusion that, despite the fact that the two variations of the language differ in many ways, their native speakers still understand each other, although sometimes with slight difficulties. This means that a person can choose any version of English to study. It is quite difficult to speak classical British, but having learned it, it will be much easier to master other versions of English, including American.

The list of sources.

1. https://englex.ru/english-in-numbers-and-facts/

2. https://ru.wikiyours.com/статья/британский-английский

3. https://ushistory.ru/populjarnaja-literatura/398-istorija-amerikanskogo-jazyka

4. https://scienceforum.ru/2014/article/2014006675

5. https://eforward.ru/blog/britanskij-vs-amerikanskij-grammatika/

6. https://lingualeo.com/ru/blog/2016/08/09/angliyskiy-v-ssha-i-velikobritanii/

7. https://englex.ru/difference-between-popular-british-and-american-idioms/

8.https://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiСравнение_американского_и_британского_варианта_английского_языка#Лексика

9. https://learning-english.nethouse.ru/page/670708

10. https://eforward.ru/blog/britanskij-vs-amerikanskij-slova/

11. https://www.pinterest.ru/d807622a-030d-4c71-8c2f-eced090437a3

12. https://www.pinterest.ru/b7b4c11b-147a-41ec-9bad-e42b01690a77

13. https://www.pinterest.ru/c12f6b7d-2d04-4495-a179-8446eb77f8f8

14. https://www.pinterest.ru/86450a73-edf8-4903-b752-c50697c37765

15. https://www.pinterest.ru/faee7135-72ea-4279-a413-c66b002bd9fb

16. https://www.pinterest.ru/81ec86f7-6694-48b7-876c-7892ac6ee9f6

Appendix.