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Моор И.В. 1Прокопьева М.М. 2

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The research is devoted to the study and comparative analysis of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English, German and Russian. The motivation of the use of anthroponyms in phraseological units is due to the fact that phraseological units are a reflection of the history and culture of the people.

An anthroponym, a proper name, indicates that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person, indicates gender and nationality, and as well as phraseology reflects the traditions and history of the native-speaking people.

In our work, we examined phraseological units as a subject of linguoculturology, gave the concept of a phraseological unit, indicated signs, and considered the validity of the use of anthroponyms as part of phraseological units.

Based on Large English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin and German-Russian Phraseological Dictionary and Idiomatic Dictionary of the German language byL.E. Binovich «Duden Band 11: Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten» and Phraseological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language by Yu.A. Larionova, Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language by A.I. Fedorov and Great Phraseological Dictionary by I.S. Brilev using a continuous sampling method, phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component were selected, their structural and etymological analysis was carried out, groups were identified and phraseological units were distributed by gender.

Conducted a comparative analysis of phraseological units in English, German and Russian languages, we compiled and published the English-Russian, German-Russian and Dictionary of phraseological phrases of the Russian language with an anthroponym component.

The research has been performed in three interrelated steps:

The first step, theoretical, was devoted to the definition of the methodological basis and theoretical basis, its justification, study and analysis of literature on the problem under study. During this period, the problem, the goal, the hypothesis of the study were formulated, the tasks of the study were developed.

The second step was characterized by the study of the structural and etymological features of phraseological units containing the anthroponym component, the understanding of the research results, their generalization.

The third step is systematization, generalization of the material obtained in the course of work, registration of research work, creation of dictionaries, approbation of research.

Keywords: anthroponym, phraseology, phraseological unit, etymology, structure, linguistics, semantics.

Introduction.

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that language proficiency is impossible without knowledge of phraseological units of the languages ​​being studied. Structural analysis of phraseological units with an anthroponym component develops the skills of correctly combining words in phrases and sentences. Knowledge of the etymology of phraseological units with an anthroponym component helps to overcome difficulties in understanding and using them in speech, expands knowledge about the culture and history of the countries of the languages ​​being studied.

The object of the study is phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English , German and Russian.

The subject of the research is structural and etymological features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English , German and Russian.

The aim of the work is is to study the structural and etymological features of phraseological units containing the anthroponym component in the languages studied.

In accordance with the aim, the following research tasks are defined:

1. To study the theoretical provisions of linguistic research of phraseological units;

2.Indicate the characteristics of phraseological units;

3. Consider phraseological units as a subject of linguistic and cultural studies;

4. Conduct a structural and etymological analysis of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in the languages ​​being studied;

5. Make an English-Russian, German-Russian and Dictionary of Russian phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component.

Research methods:

Analysis and interpretation of scientific literature;

Component analysis method;

Constructive method;

Analysis of dictionary definitions;

Application method;

Cognitive;

The method of continuous sampling from dictionaries, a quantitative method of material processing.

Hypothesis: the personal name plays an important role in the system of language and culture. As a component of a phraseological unit, it enriches itself with new semantic features that are conceptually important for understanding the national and cultural characteristics of the languages being studied.

Phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component have certain structures of construction, a history of origin, and have an emotional coloring.

Theoretical significance of the research:

The results of the study deepen the understanding of the phraseological units of the English,German and Russian languages, which have components combined on some basis.

Acquired knowledge expands competencies in linguistics, history enriches vocabulary.

The practical significance lies in the fact that its results can be used in English and German lessons, group classes. This material will help students to increase their interest in the study of phraseological units and the degree of proficiency in them.

English-Russian, German-Russian and Russian dictionaries of phraseological units, which include anthroponyms, can be useful in the lessons devoted to text analysis and translation.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the study of phraseological units

with an anthroponym component.

1.1. The concept of a phraseological unit.

Phraseology, or phraseological unit (FU), is a common name for semantically related combinations of words and sentences that are produced in speech in a fixed ratio of semantic structure and a certain lexical and grammatical composition [6,101].

Phraseological units (FU) are almost always vivid figurative expressions. Rethinking the entire lexico-grammatical composition or one of the components is an essential feature of a phraseological unit that underlies its formation [6,110].

As emphasized by I.I. Chernysheva, “the development of phraseological units follows the line of creating stable phrases that express an emotionally rich characteristic of the qualities, properties, and actions of subjects using phraseological means of language that is on the basis of rethought variable phrases with the most clear image for a given concept” [6,45].

Like any other unit of language, a phraseological unit has certain characteristics. There are different points of view in determining the characteristics of phraseological units. The signs of phraseological units are described in the works of such scientists: T.I. Vendina, P.A. Lekanta, N.F. Alefirenko.

Most researchers identify three main features of phraseological units: 1) reproducibility; 2) stability of the component composition; 3) separate design.

According to T.I. Vendina, a phraseological phrase differs from a word by such features as: 1) structural design, 2) grammatical design, 3) accentological design [7,156].

P.A. Lekant and N.F. Alefirenko does not separately identify the features that distinguish phraseological units from free combinations of words; they classify such features of phraseological units as differential features [8,62].

According to T.I. Vendina, “the differential features of phraseological units are: 1) lexical meaning inherent in the entire phrase as a whole; 2) component composition; 3) the presence of grammatical categories in its structure.”

Thus, some researchers (T.I. Vendina) derive the signs of phraseological units as a result of comparing them with adjacent units, while others (P.A. Lekant, N.F. Alefirenko) classify these signs as differential. This is precisely the problem of determining the characteristics of phraseological units. But in essence, all the linguists we have listed provide such categorical features of phraseological units that deeply reveal the phenomenon of phraseological units.

1.2. Phraseological units as a subject of linguoculturology.

Phraseology is a science in the study of which we immerse ourselves in the history, culture, language, way of life and the national character of the country and people. The phraseological composition of each nation reflects and fixes in the language the formation, development and change of society since ancient times, fixing these facts in the language, in phraseological turns. We can also see and study the traditions and customs of the country and people of the language being studied. In addition, studying phraseology, we study the development of language historically, since language, like society, develops, changes, and is enriched with new vocabulary along with the development of science, art, and other areas.

Almost every phraseological unit has a peculiarity of perception of the world through the prism of language and national culture. V.V. Vinogradov in his works emphasized the fact that phraseological material has not only linguistic value, but also general cultural significance [5,140]. Linguists emphasize the inextricable connection of phraseology with national culture, the discovery of national specifics in phraseological units, the peculiarities of the lifestyle and mentality of the people. Phraseological units, reflecting the long process of development of the culture of the people, fix and transmit cultural attitudes from generation to generation.

According to the definition of F.I. Buslaev, "phraseological units are peculiar microcosms containing both moral law and common sense, expressed in a short saying, which were bequeathed by ancestors to guide descendants" [6,141]. He considers phraseological units as the soul of every national language, in which the spirit and originality of the nation are expressed in a unique way. Thus, phraseology is in close connection with the culture of this people and reflects the national specifics of this people's perception of the surrounding reality.

1.3. Anthroponym as a special unit of the language system.

Anthroponym, from [anthropo+ Greek onyma name]. lingv. The proper name of a person as an object of linguistic study[11,10]. Proper name (onym) - (from the Greek onoma - name, name) - a word, phrase or sentence that serves to distinguish the object named by it from a number of similar ones, individualizing and identifying this object [11,129].

Proper names are part of the history of nations. They reflect the customs, traditions, everyday life, and artistic creativity of peoples. For the appearance of a new name for this people, historical and cultural prerequisites are necessary. That is why many names bear the imprint of a certain historical period of time. Personal names belong to the background vocabulary (background vocabulary - carrying, along with interethnic information, information of a national nature.), since they accumulate (accumulate, collect) and store elements of national culture.

Anthroponyms have a conceptual meaning, which is based on the idea of a category, a class of objects. According to Dmitry Ivanovich Ermolovich, the following signs are inherent in this value [11,32]:

a) an indication that the carrier of the anthroponym is a person: Peter as opposed to London;

b) an indication of belonging to the national-linguistic community William, Hans,Ivan.

c) an indication of the gender of a person: John, Kunz, unlike Mary, Lieschen,Ann.

Each nation has different onomastic systems, depending on the traditions associated with the naming of the personality of different peoples.

Thus, the anthroponym is a unique linguistic component, the features of which reflect the culture, history and stages of development of a certain people.

Conclusions on Chapter 1.

In Chapter 1, we analyzed the linguistic literature on the topic, from which we can conclude that the interest in phraseology among linguists arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, and already in the 40s of the 19th century phraseology became an independent linguistic unit in linguistics.

Phraseology is a stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase or sentence that performs the function of a separate lexeme.

According to A.V. Kunin, phraseological units are stable combinations of lexemes with a completely reinterpreted or partially reinterpreted meaning [12, 160].

Based on the works of such linguists as P.A.Lekant, N.F.Alefirenko, T.I.Vendin, we have given signs of phraseological units: structural, grammatical, accentological formalization. The differences between FU and phrases are noted.

The work pointed out the connection between phraseology and the culture of the native language people, its history, which we can see in phraseological units.

Chapter 2. Features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component

of English, German and Russian.

2.1. Structural features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component.

Russian Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin [1], German-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by L.E. Binovich [2] and idiomatic dictionary of the German language "Duden Band 11 : Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten" were studied.(Duden, Volume 11 Idioms and Sayings"[3],Phraseological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language by Yu.A. Larionova [4], Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language by A.I. Fedorov [5] and Large Phraseological Dictionary by I.S. Brilev [6]. In total, during the dictionary analysis, 238 phraseological units with an anthroponym component in the English language, 143 phraseological units with an anthroponym component in German, and 125 phraseological units with an anthroponym component in Russian were identified.

As the analysis shows, being very structurally diverse, FU with the component anthroponym represent certain structural and grammatical constructions constructed according to models of free phrases or sentences existing in the language. As a basis for the structural and grammatical analysis of the studied units, we take the classification proposed by A.V. Kunin [12,101]. In accordance with this classification, the entire body of the FU with the component anthroponym can be divided into :

- nominative phraseological units (perform a nominal function, can denote objects, phenomena, action, condition, quality, etc.)

English: Peck's Bad Boy- troublemaker-217ed (91%)

German:ein echter Apollo-a real Apollo, that is a handsome-67 units (47%)

Russian: Filkina's diploma, 99 units (80%)

- interjections (units of this group are used to express various feelings, emotions, volitional impulses of a person)

English: Bob's your uncle! Such are the things!; 6 units (3%)

German: Jesus, Maria (und Josefl)!- Lord!, Lord my God!-14ed.(10%)

Russian: Poor Yorick! -3 units (2%)

-communicative

English: the house that Jack built - the house that Jack built 15 units (6%)

German: den dummen August spielen - play a fool (colloquial)- 62 units (43%)

Russian: chat Agasha, the hut is ours: 23 units (18%)

The classification of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English, German and Russian is given in Table 1.

Table 1

Classification of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English ,German and Russian.

Most FU with an anthroponym component in English, as in German and Russian are nominative, and therefore have a phrase structure. Depending on the morphological expression of the core component and the typical syntactic function, nominative phraseological units with an anthroponym component can be classified into:

substantive:

-phraseological units with an anthroponym component formed by the word composition:

English: Janus-faced-.27 units (11%);

German:Hans Liederlich- 71units- (49%);

Russian: Fata Margana -2 units (2%)

-nominal phrases consisting of two or more anthroponyms (Name+Name):

English:Billy Bunter-67 units (28%.)

German:Líéschen Müller -3 units.(2 %)

Russian : Pavlik Morozov - 4 units (3%)

-FU,built according to the scheme "title/title/status/social role + anthroponym" (title / status / social role+Name):

English:Aunt Sallysh-37 units (16%)

German: Bruder Straubinger-3 units (2%)

Russian: wife of Pentefrey -2 units (2%)

-FU,constructed according to the scheme "adjective + anthroponym" (Adj + Name):

English: the old Adam-28 units(12%)

German: falscher Wilhelm-30 units (21%)

Russian: cunning Mitriy - 5 units (4%)

-FU, constructed according to the scheme "anthroponym's + noun" (Name's+N):

English:Abraham's bosom-.22 units.(9%)

German:im Adamskostüm -18 units (13%)

Russian: Anyuta's eyes-59 units(47%)

-FU, constructed according to the scheme "anthroponym + noun" (Name+N):

English:Augean stables-11 units (5%)

German: Hans Guckindieluft-13units.(9%)

Russian: Anika-warrior-3 units (2%)

-binomials compiled according to the scheme "anthroponym + union + anthroponym"(Name+Conj+Name):

English:Damon and Pythias-9 units (4%)

German:Hinz und Kunz-3 units (2%)

Russian: Afanasy Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna -3 units (2%)

Verbals:

(V+Name)

English:to cut the Gordian knot-15 units (6%)

German:Neptun opfern: 4 units (3%)

Russian: roll Vanka: 4 units (3%)

In German we found FU, built according to the scheme (V+wie+Adj+Name), the analogue of which we did not find in English: sich ernähren wie der heilige Antonius-3 units (2%)

And (Adj+Name+V): den dicken Wilhelm spielen, den schwarzen Peter haben-8 units(6%) adjectival:

comparisons based on stereotyping (Adj+as+Name):

English: Old as Adam-6 units (3%)

German: frech wie Oskar 1units (1%)

Russian: poor as Job -3 units (2%)

Adverbals:

FU, constructed according to the scheme "preposition + anthroponym" (Prep+Name):English:According to Hoyle- 6 units (3%)

German: nach Adam Riese-:5 units (4%)

Russian: From Adam-1unit.(1%)

Phraseological units presented in the form of a sentence:

English: When Adam delved and Eve span who was then a gentleman? -4 units(2%)

German: so letjwas lebt, und Schiller mußte sterben:40 units (28%)

Russian: Erema, Erema, if you were sitting at home, sharpening your spindles - 5ed.(4%)

The structural features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English,German and Russian are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Structural features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component

in English,German and Russian.

2.2. Semantic features of anthroponymic phraseological units.

In phraseological expressions, as in any lexical layer, various semantic processes are observed. Semantic features of phraseological units give us the opportunity to divide them in terms of gender (FE with male proper names and FE: 190 units (80%); German 106 units (74%);Russian 95 units(76%) and with female proper names: English:39 units (16%);German.:25 units (17%).;Russian:19 (15%).Separately, we have identified where both male and female names occur: English: 9 (4%); German:13 (9%) ; Russian: 3 (2%).

The division of FE by gender in English,German and Russian is shown in Figures 1,2 and 3.

Figure 1

Division of FU by gende identity in English

Figure 2

Division of FU by gender identity in German

Figure 3

Division of FU by gender identity in Russian

The semantics of anthroponyms in the structure of English, German and Russian phraseological units can be etymologically divided into the following groups:

1. FU, taken from the Biblical literature:

English: Abraham's bosom - 49 units(21%)

German: wie in Abrahams Schoß sitzen -43 units (30%)

Russian: Joseph the Beautiful -21 units (17%)

2. FU, which include proper names associated with ancient mythology (mythonyms):

English: Achilles’ heel-55 (23%)

German:in Morpheus'armen liegen- 26 (18%)

Russian:Two-faced Janus -22(18%)

3. FU with proper names taken from literary sources, articles, public speeches, films and theatrical productions:

English:Cardelia's gift- 57 units (24%)

German:Frau Holle schüttelt ihre Betten aus- snow-: 39 units(27%)

Russian: Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys' house -22 units (18%)

4. FU, containing anthroponymy, which is associated with the names of real people of his time: English: Bold as Beauchamp-77 units (32%)

German: er ist kein Bismarck-36 units (25 %)

Russian: Draconian laws-32 units (26%).

The etymological origin of FU in English and German are shown in Figures 1 , 2 and 3.

Figure 1

Etymological origin of FU in English

Figure 2

Etymological origin of FU in German

Figure 3

Etymological origin of FU in Russian

To designate an Englishman, the anthroponyms are most often used: Jack and John, to designate a German – Hans, Michel,Rassian-Ivan.

Phraseological units denoting representatives of the profession in English: Colonel Blimp-British officer or government official; German; der billige Jakob-dealer in cheap goods; Russian: there is no analogue.

Conclusions on Chapter 2.

In this chapter, we have studied 238 phraseological units with the component anthroponym in English, 143 units in German and 125 phraseological units in Russian.

FU was classified into nominative, interjective and communicative, after which a structural and grammatical analysis was given. The results of the study were presented in a table.

The next stage of our research was the description of the semantics of anthroponyms in the structure of English, German and Russian phraseological units from an etymological point of view.

In accordance with the classification of A.V. Kunin, a structural analysis of FE was carried out.

Phraseological units were studied from the point of view of gender identity.

Russian Russian, German-Russian and a Dictionary of Phraseological units of the Russian language with an anthroponym component, which contribute to the expansion of knowledge about the culture of the peoples of the languages studied, have been the product of our activity.

Dictionaries are necessary in the classroom when working with texts, listening and other activities, for understanding speech and enriching vocabulary.

Conclusion.

A phraseological unit is a vivid figurative expression with a rethought semantics of its components, the uniqueness of which is based on various grammatical, lexical, semantic dependencies between them, and the specificity of the phraseological meaning is determined by the properties of the words – lexical components of the phraseological unit, and internal phraseological connections.

Based on the results of the study of English, German and Russian phraseological units, which include personal names, we came to the following conclusions:

-anthroponyms give the utterance certainty and concreteness and serve to individualize personalities;

-in the course of this study of the main sources of the formation of phraseological units with an anthroponym component, it is possible to trace the reflection of the culture and history of the native speakers of the studied languages in phraseology;

-each FU has its own structure etymology;

Phraseology is a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Phraseological units reflect in their semantics a long process of development of the culture of the people, fix and transmit cultural attitudes from generation to generation. Phraseology is a direct verbal expression not only of the reality surrounding a person, but also of its spiritual nationally marked awareness.

In addition, the results of the analysis allowed us to conclude that the FE with the component anthroponym have a certain structure.

Using the continuous sampling method, we have written out the PHE containing the anthroponym component from the dictionaries of English, German and Russian languages. All FE were classified into nominative, communicative and interjective. From which we can conclude that nominative FE prevail in English, German and Russian.

The greatest number of communicative phraseological units were found in German 62 units (43%), in Russian 23 units (18%), and in English the smallest number: 15 units (6%). In addition, there are 7% more interjective FU in German than in English, while there are fewer interjective FU in Russian than in English and German: 3 units (2%).

The next stage of our work is to consider the structural features of phraseological units with an anthroponym component in English and German. According to A.V. Kunin's classification, FU was divided into: substantive, verbal, adjectival and adverbial. From which it was concluded that the majority of FU in English and German are constructed using the word composition: English.yaz.192 units (81%) Janus-faced; German 71 units (49%) Hans Liederlich. In Russian, unlike English and German, we found only 2 units. (2%) FU, which are formed by word composition, for example: Fata Morgana.

Having distributed the FU according to the structure, we can conclude that in English FU predominate, built on the model: Name+Name 67 units (28%) Walter Mitty; in German (Adjektiv+Name): 30 units (21%) falscher Wilhelm; and in Russian most phraseological units are constructed according to the structure: Possessive case+Name 59 units . (47%) Malanya's wedding.

It should be noted that there are structures in German, analogues of which we have not found either in English or in Russian: V+wie+Adj+Name: sich ernähren wie der heilige Antonius and Adj+Name+V: den dicken Wilhelm spielen..

Similarly, in the Russian language, we found the structure of phraseological phrases, which have no analogues in either English or German: Name + Adj., for example: Thomas the Unbeliever; Name +entity + adj., for example:Malanya, the head of a lamb.

Having made the classification of FU by gender, we can state that phraseological units with male names prevail in the studied languages.

The last stage of our work was the etymological analysis of the FU, with the help of which we revealed that in English and Russian most phraseological units are constructed with the names of real people, whereas in German most of the phraseological units are taken from the Bible and religious sources.

The product of our research activity: Russian Russian Russian Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (paper version) (Appendix 1); electronic English-Russian dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (Appendix 2); 2) German-Russian Dictionary of Phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (paper version) (Appendix 3); electronic German-Russian dictionary Russian Russian phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (Appendix 4).;4) Dictionary of Russian FU with an anthroponym component (paper version) (Appendix 5); electronic Dictionary of Russian FU with an anthroponym component (Appendix 6).

List of literature

1. Anisimova Z.N. Phraseological unity and the word. - Minsk, 1991.-148 p.

2. Amosova N.N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1989.-288 p.

3. Vendina.T.I. Introduction to Linguistics. Moscow: Higher School, 2001. -288 p.

4. Lekant P.A., Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L. - Modern Russian language. Textbook for university students studying in the specialty "Philology" / Comp.: Lekant P. A., Dibrova E. I., Kasatkin L. L., etc. – M.: Bustard, 2002. -557 p.

5. Vinogradov.V.V. Selected works. Lexicology and lexicography. M., 1977. -312p.

6.Buslaev.F. I. Russian proverbs and sayings collected and explained by F. Buslaev. M.: Tip. A. Seeds, 1854. -176 p.

7. Kunin A.V. The course of phraseology of the modern English language.- Dubna: Phoenix+, 2005. - 488 p.

8.Ermolovich.D.I. Proper names at the junction of languages and cultures.-M.: R.Valent, 2001.-133 p.

9.Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper names. - M., Nauka, 1973. - 366 p.

Russian Russian Phraseological Dictionary. - M.: Russian language - Media; 5th edition, 2006. - 1210 p.

11. Binovich L.E. German-Russian phraseological dictionary. -M., 1995.-387 p.

12.«Duden Band 11 : Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten»"(Duden, Volume 11 Idioms and Proverbs". Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 1992. — 934 p.

Applications

Appendix 1

English-Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (paper version)

Appendix 2

Electronic English-Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component

Appendix 3

German-Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (paper version)

Appendix 4

Electronic German-Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component

Appendix 5

Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component (paper version)

Appendix 6

Electronic Russian Dictionary of phraseological phrases with an anthroponym component