XXV Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

Старт в науке

Ледокол «Красин». Всемирная история и Русский Характер

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Беляев А.Ю. 1Беляев В.Ю. 1

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1Барвихинская средняя школа

Рахимзаде Гюнай Зираддин Кызы 1

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1Барвихинская средняя школа

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Introduction

Our family had visited St. Petersburg twice. Along with the Hermitage, Peterhof and other sights, we visited the Krasin Icebreaker for two times. We got unforgettable impressions, felt a sense of pride for the history of the ship, those Russian people who inscribed it forever in the world history of the fleet. At the beginning of the new academic year, our grade started talking about a trip to St. Petersburg. This is how the idea of our project appeared. [Appendix 1]

Actuality of the topic.The relevance of the Krasin icebreaker lies in its uniqueness and historical significance as a symbol of Arctic exploration and development.

The problem of the research is unawareness of icebreakers among students.

Subject of the study: Icebreaker Krasin

The goal: using the example of the Icebreaker Krasin Museum shipis to expand knowledge about the heroic pages of Russian history, the best qualities of the Russian character, the unforgettable feats of the Russian people.

Hypothesis: Increasing knowledge of the Icebreaker Krasin increases Spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren.

Object of the research.Icebreaker Krasin as a historical monument.

The tasks are:

1. To take part in drawing up the program of the grade's tourist trip to St. Petersburg, draw the class's attention to the heroic history of the Krasin Icebreaker and offer the grade a visit to it.

2. To expand our knowledge of the Krasin Icebreaker, introduce the grade to information that will precede a future joint tourist trip and excursion.

3. To expand and deepen the knowledge gained during the excursion, link them with the materials studied in the lessons of history, geography and social studies.

4. To study the place of the Arctic in modern geopolitics and the role of Russia in solving its current issues.

Research methods:

• to collect the information

• to study the literature on this topic

• to analyse the articles and historical documents on this topic.• to conduct a survey among schoolchildren in order to identify the degree of awareness on this topic

1. Theoretical part

1.1Construction of icebreaker. From Tsarist Russia to Soviet Russia

The Tsarist Government of Russia had ordered building of the Svyatogor Icebreaker to Great Britain during the First World War in 1915. Then Russia and Great Britain, together with France, were part of the Entente, military and political alliance ("entente cordiale” in French) that is, together, as allies, they opposed Germany and its coalition (the Triple Alliance). The ship was launched on August 03, 1916; the icebreaker was included to the list of ships of the Russian Navy under name Svyatogor on October 01. The St.-Andrew colors waived on the ship. The icebreaker joined the Arctic Ocean Fleet. She was immediately used to provide escort for British ships with military cargo to Arkhangelsk to help Tsarist Russia as an ally against Germany (the First World War continued).

In 1917, as a result of the February and October Revolutions in Russia, the autocracy was dethroned. Soviet Russia was headed by the Soviet Government led by V.I. Lenin. In 1918, Soviet Russia and Germany concluded a separate peace (stand alone from the allies) . Britain supported the White Movement, which sought to remove Bolsheviks from power and restore the Russian monarchy.

Meanwhile, the icebreaker was already on her way to Russia. By decision of the new Soviet Government in July 1918, the icebreaker was sunk in the delta of the Northern Dvina to block the way to ships of the United Anglo-French Fleet on the pass of the Northern Dvina. The ship set ground, pipes and part of the hull had remained visible. The British nevertheless landed in Arkhangelsk, and those seamen who took part in the flooding were shot. The British raised and repaired the ship and began to use her again as the icebreaker under the Union Jack colors. In February 1920, the British left Russia, taking the icebreaker with them to England. [Appendix 2]

1.2 Svyator-Krasin RescueMission. How Svyatogor saved Solovey Budimirovich

In 1920, due to the Svyatogor Icebreaker, the Russian Solovey Budimirovich Icebreaker was rescued. Three countries participated in this enterprise - England, Norway and the Soviet Russia. The Solovey Budimirovich Icebreaker (she originally called "Bruce") was built in 1912 in the UK. In 1915, the Russian Government bought her to manage the maritime transport of the Belomorsko-Murmansk Region and she was renamed in honor of the epic hero for the transportation of industrial goods from Arkhangelsk to the mouth of the Yenisei, and grain on the way back. In 1920, in the Soviet Russia, the icebreaker was mobilized and he joined the White Sea Military Fleet, and then the North Sea Naval Forces. On January 19, 1920, the Office of Maritime Transport had given an order to the Captain of Solovey Budimirovich to urgently follow to the mouth of the Indiga River and take there a cargo of deer meat and fish (navaga) for delivery to the Port of Murmansk. Captain John Rextin, the English national, commanded the ship. There were 84 passengers on board of Solovey, including women. The supply of coal was very limited. During a months-long drift on the Solovey Budimirovich, a girl was born, and 85 people were on board.

On January 28, 5 miles from the mouth of the Indiga River, Solovey Budimirovich got stuck in strong ice. The current carried the ship through the Pechora Sea to the Kara Gate, to the Kara Sea and carried it further to the North. A radiogram was sent to Arkhangelsk with a request to send a powerful icebreaker to provide assistance. The answer was received that help would be provided, an icebreaker would be sent. On February 19, due to the rapidly changed situation at the front, the Provisional Government of the Northern Region, the headquarters and the generals had hurriedly evacuated from Arkhangelsk on the Kozma Minin Icebreaker and Yaroslavna Messenger Vessel. Therefore, the assistance promised to Solovey Budimirovich did not come. It became clear that passengers would have to winter in the Kara Sea. At noon on February 21, the government in Arkhangelsk had changed, regular units of the Red Army entered the city. The Soviet Government constantly received information about the situation on board of the ship. For several months, the Soviet government negotiated with England on the provision of Svyatogor for a rescue expedition. England agreed to provide a ship to Norway for 20,000 pounds, Norway demanded 2,000,000 kroner for the equipment of the Svyatogor and the Norwegian crew. In May, the Soviet Government allocated funds to pay for the Norwegian expedition. Svyatogor went on an expedition. On June 19, Svyatogor approached the Solovey Budimirovich, the coal and food began to be reloaded on it. Ships went on their way back, Svyatogor leaded the column. The challenge was solved. On June 29, Svyatogor went back to Tromsø and then to England.

1.3 Red Tent. Hour of Triumph of the Krasin Icebreaker

Everyone has their own hour of triumph in life. Such a hour of triumph was in the fate of the Krasin Icebreaker in 1928. Then Krasin took part in the rescue of the Arctic expedition of Umberto Nobile, who survived the catastrophe of the loss of the Italia Airship.

The beginning of the twentieth century is associated with a whole era of scientific inventions and discoveries. In 1928, an expedition of 16 people led by Umberto Nobile went on a flight to the North Pole on the new Italia Airship. The airship started from Spitzbergen on May 11. The expedition was to land on the 90th parallel and conduct unique research. Pope Pius XI himself blessed members for the flight. He handed aeronauts an oak cross, which was dropped when flying over the northernmost point of the Earth.

Weather conditions did not allow the research team to land on the ice. Italia laid down on the reverse course, and on May 25, the connection with the airship suddenly broke off. The whole world learned about what had happened only after 9 days. Not reaching 100 kilometers to Spitzbergen, the ship began to lose altitude. There was a gas leak, the airship lost control and began to decline rapidly. In a matter of minutes, a catastrophe had occurred. The stern of the airship hit the icy surface with force. Engineer Pomela died instantly, and Nobile, Malmgren and mechanic Cecioni were seriously injured. The nacelle broke into two parts, the shell of the airship soared into the sky with six people on board. Their fate is still unknown. And nine people, having escaped the tragic death, were in real ice captivity. The crash dropped 170 kilograms of food from the iron ration, a shortwave emergency radio station, and some things vital to survival in an extreme situation. One of these things was the so-called Red Tent. In order to be visible from the air, an ordinary tent was doused with red emergency paint. The Red Tent has become a symbol of assistance to the Italia crew around the world.

A group of three people set off towards Spitzbergen in the hope of meeting hunter-fishermen. The rest tried to establish communication with the continent with the help of an emergency radio station. 10 days later, on June 3, 1928, Nikolay Schmidt, the young mechanic and passionate radio amateur, accidentally caught weak signals on air from the Central Arctic among radio noises. This is how the whole world had learned about the tragedy. The location of the drifting ice floe with the missing expedition was also determined.

This was the first international rescue operation in the history of mankind, which involved 18 ships and 21 aircraft from six countries, at least one and a half thousand people. Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian scientist, once a friend and like-minded person, and then Nobile's rival, also went to rescue the polar explorers, but the entire French-Norwegian crew of the Latham-47 seaplane went missing. Nobile himself was taken out of the camp by Lundborg, the Swedish pilot. The rest of the group was rescued by the Krasin Icebreaker crew.[Appendix 3]

1.4 New name

In December 1921, the Soviet Government offered to buy the icebreaker from England. For the icebreaker, it was necessary to pay a part of the total price of 75,000 pounds (of the total contract price of 375,000 pounds). By 1922, with the active participation of A. N. Krylov, the famous shipbuilder, and L. B. Krasin, the Soviet Trade Representative in Great Britain, the icebreaker was bought.

In 1923-1926, the Svyatogor Icebreaker provided ice escort for transport vessels in the Baltic Sea. During the ice campaign of 1925-1926, the ship freed about 30 steamships from ice captivity which were ice bounded in the Gulf of Finland in the Sommers-Gogland Area.

In 1927, the icebreaker was renamed to “Krasin” in memoriam of the Soviet diplomat who did a lot to return the ship to Russia. [Appendix 4]

1.5 Saved caravans.

At the end of navigation in 1937, the ice situation in the Arctic Ocean turned out to be so difficult that five sea caravans were lost in the ice. The caravan under the escort of the icebreaker "Lenin" got into the compacted ice and was lost in the Vilkitsky Strait. The caravan began to drift in the Laptev Sea, and the steamers Ilmen and Comrade Stalin were damaged during the drift. Initially, the Yermak icebreaker was supposed to go to the rescue, but for a number of reasons it could not do this. The icebreaker Krasin came to the aid of the Lenin caravan, but the ice situation worsened, and Krasin also could not immediately help the caravan. After reaching Kozhevnikov Bay, the Krasin icebreaker switched to a wintering position. In May 1938, Krasin got out of the wintering situation, and on August 7, she managed to bring the Ilmen, Kamchadal and Tov. Stalin". So ended the rescue of the icebreaker "Lenin" caravan. 

1.6 The Second World War. Allied Convoys

Contribution of Svyatogor - Krasin to Victory-1945

During the Second World War, Russia, Great Britain, the United States, China, France and many other countries entered the anti-Hitler coalition. The war had caught the Krasin Icebreaker in the Far East. She was forced to make a crossing of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Panama Canal, to rush to the beginning of navigation in the western sector of the Arctic. The last part of her journey was as part of the PQ-15 Northern Convoy. In early 1942, in the port of Baltimore (USA), the Krasin Icebreaker was armed with a 76-mm American gun and 10 anti-aircraft machine guns. In March 1942, in Glasgow, she replaced her armament by two 76.2 mm British guns. In July 1942, in Murmansk, the ship's armament was replaced again, and she became one of the most well-armed Soviet icebreakers: 6 universal 50 mm caliber semi-automatic guns manufactured by the USA, 7 Oerlikon 20 mm caliber anti-aircraft guns, 4 Browning anti-aircraft 12.7 mm caliber machine guns and 4 machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber, 2 rangefinders.

As part of the polar convoy from England, everyday but dangerous work had followed in the war-torn Arctic. During Operation Wunderland Admiral Scheer, the German pocket battleship, hunted for one of transport caravans led by Krasin Icebreaker, and only a miracle saved the icebreaker and the caravan from meeting her. As part of the PQ-15 convoy, the Krasin anti-aircraft gunners shot down an enemy torpedo plane when repelling an attack by enemy aircraft.

1.7 Post-war World. New Pages in History of Krasin Icebreaker
History and Present Separation from Service and Transformation into Museum Ship

After the end of World War II, the icebreaker continued to work in the Arctic. In the late 1950s, the Krasin Icebreaker underwent major repairs and modernization at the shipyards of the GDR. Her appearance has changed, she has become similar to her grandchildren - diesel-electric icebreakers of post-war ship builiders. In particular, the icebreaker received a developed superstructure, and the two high pipes were replaced with one wide one.

“Krasin” had worked as an icebreaker until 1972, then the veteran of the icebreaker fleet was transferred to the Marine Arctic Geological Exploration Expedition (MAGEE), which was part of the Sevmorgeologiya Production and Geological Group of the Ministry of Geology of the USSR. Krasin passed from the category of icebreakers to the category of research vessels and she began to be used as a floating power station for oil and gas field exploration in the Arctic seas.

In 1976, the name “Krasin” was given to a new diesel-electric icebreaker built in Finland by the Wärtsilä shipyard commissioned by the Soviet Union. This icebreaker had worked in Murmansk until 1990, then she was transferred to the Port of Vladivostok.

Due to International Foundation for the History of Science, the public organization, the ship was not scrapped. A museum and exhibition program was developed. Krasin has gained the status of a historical monument. Currently, the icebreaker’s berth is placed on Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment, near the Mining Institute. The icebreaker is a branch of the Kaliningrad Museum of the World Ocean. [Appendix 5]

1.8 CAPTAINS OF KRASIN ICEBRAKER

• 1917 — Neupokoev, K. K

• 1917 — Zwingman A. K

• 1917—1918 — Dreyer N. A.

• 1918 (август) — Rubinstein A. E.

• 1920—1921 — Sverdrup O. (Norway)

• 1921—1923 —Falk Mousse (Norway 1923—1926, 1929—1930, 1931—1932 — Sorokin M. Ya.

• 1928 — Aggie K. P.1932, 1934 — P. A. Ponomarev.

• 1932—1933 — Legzdin, Ya. P.

• 1934—1935, 1936 — Shtukkenberg N. M1935—1937 — Sergievsky D. N.

• 1935—1936, 1937—1938 — Belousov M. P.1936, 1939 — Gotsky M. V.

• 1940—1945 —Markov M. G.1945—1947 — A. I. Vetrov.

• 1950 — Inyushkin N. F

• 1953 — Polyakov G. N.

• 1953—1960 — Makarov B. N.

• 1960—1961, 1963 — Chukhchin D. N.

• 1961—1962 — Kuchiev Yu.S. 1962, 1966—1967, 1970—1971 — Kuznetsov A. P.

• 1964 — Khlebnikov Yu. K.

• 1965, 1976—1977 — Fedoseev F. I.

• 1968—1969 — Vavilov E. A.

• 1972—1973 — Gromov O. A

• 1973—1974 — Gaidovsky R. R.

• 1974—1976 — Zakharov V. V.

• Lobantsev V. G.

• 1977, 1978-1980 — Kurzanov I. P.

• 1977 — Shityuk S. P.

• 1980-1981 — Kokorev L. N.

• 1981 — Los D. D.

• 1981-1984 — Petrochenkov V. N.

• 1984-1988, 1989 — Shishkin V. A.

• 1988 — Lukichev S. A.

• 1988-1989 — Vasiliev V. M.

• 1989-1990 — Barykin A. I.

• 1990-1991 — Cheremshanov V. I.

• 1991-1992 — Delitsin A. A.

• 1994-1995 — Skorbich I. M.

• 1995 — Mamaev L. B.

• 1996-2001 — Burak L. Yu

• 2002-2003 — Gorbachev V. A. (acting)

• 2004-2006 — Vasiliev E. A.

• 2006-2007 — Savin V. A.

• 1976-2008 (early years), 2014 (January-June) — O. N. Zverev (acting)

• 2008-2014 (January) — Presnyakov B. N.

• 2014-2017-Kramchaninov N. A.

• 2017-2020-A. Rykov M.

• 2020-2021-Kramchaninov N. A.

• 2021-presenttime-Yushkevich N.Sui

2. Practical part

This topic is of great interest to us. Our research adviser and we had a great opportunity to conduct a survey not only among our classmates but also schoolchildren. A series of questions was developed. (They are presented in the form of table as well [Appendix 6]):

• Do you know why we need an icebreaker?

• Do you know what types of icebreakers there are?

• Which icebreaker was renamed after the Soviet Diplomat?

2.1 The results of the survey

2.2 Analysis of the collected material

According to the data of conducted survey among 50 pupils from various age groups, it revealed that a significant number of schoolchildren have got low awareness of Icebreakers which is really frustrating. Hence we can conclude that it is crucial to boost their level of knowledge of this topic increasing the number of lessons relating to Russian History.

Conclusion:
So according to the goal and tasks of our project:

• We have studied literature on these crucial theme.

• Managed to draw the class's attention to the heroic history of the Krasin Icebreaker and inspired the grade to pay a visit to the museum in the near future.

• Conducted a survey among our classmates and pupils to find out what they know about icebreakers.

• The purpose of our research work is achieved. During the study it turned out that not all the students are aware of existence of the Krasin icebreaker , what type of ships there are and why we need icebreakers.

We can conclude that exploring of this tremendous, astonishing and legendary museum ship provides a great number of unforgettable impressions cultivating a sense of pride for her history and an opportunity to touch the past as she has got a unique history which is truly inspiring for any age. It looks great both inside and outside hence it is extremely worth visiting her at least once in a lifetime. We did our best to expand and raise awareness of knowledge of the Krasin Icebreaker among our classmates and also studied place of the Arctic in modern geopolitics. It goes without saying that studying this topic can be very helpful in school subjects such as Geography and History.

Bibliography
1. Simpson J,Oxford English Dictionary/ J.Simpson, E. Weiner Oxford University Pres, 1989

2. Sightseeing, thematic, interactive and gaming excursions conducted on board by the captain
3. www.krassin.ru
4. www.maritime-executive.com

5.WIKIOUS.COM
6. Iskatel.com

Appendices Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6