XXVIII Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

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Особенности словообразования в английском языке

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• Руководители
• Файлы работы

Захарян А.В. 1

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1МБОУ Лесногородская СОШ, 6 класс

Мирзаян И.Э. 1

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1МБОУ Лесногородская СОШ

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Исследовательская работа имеет четкую структуру и состоит из введения, основной части, заключения, списка использованных источников и литературы.

Во введении изложена актуальность темы, цели и задачи работы. Цели исследовательской работы: разобрать понятие словообразование, рассмотреть виды словообразования, познакомиться с особенностями словообразования, рассмотреть теоретические основы словообразования, выявить и проанализировать механизмы и правила, с помощью которых образуются новые слова. В работе использованы теоретические и практические методы.

В теоретической части работы рассмотрены такие определения, как «словообразование», а также связанные с ним виды словообразования, такие как: аффиксация: суффиксация и префиксация, конверсия, сложное слово и сокращение, их определения, примеры словообразования.

В практической части работы рассматриваются словообразовательные примеры, рассмотрено как образуются новые слова в английском языке за счёт присоединения к основам слов суффиксов, приставок, префиксов.

В заключении автор сформулировал основные выводы и результаты.

В работе имеются ссылки на использованные источники и литературу, которая дополнительно была изучена автором.

Данная работа имеет теоретическое и практическое значение, прежде всего это обусловлено актуальностью темы «Особенности словообразования в английском языке», связанной с постоянным пополнением лексики языка. Таким образом виды словообразования являются эффективным способом пополнения языка новыми словами. Материал данной работы полезен для изучения как в 6-7 классах, так и для повторения и закрепления материала в 9, 10 и 11 классах для подготовки к ОГЭ и ЕГЭ.

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...….4-5

Chapter 1.Definition of "Word Formation"…………………………...…………...….6-8

Chapter 2. Main Types of Word Formation ……………………..……..…………..9-10

Chapter 3.Examples of Word Formation in English.…………………...…………..11-13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….......…14

List of sources and literature used………………………………………………..…….15

Certificate of uniqueness……………………...………………………………..………16

Introduction

The choice of the topic "Features of Word Formation in English" is due to the fact that the vocabulary of the English language is constantly evolving, acquiring new lexical means, and word formation is one of the most effective ways to create new words. This topic is relevant due to the constant addition of new words to the language. New words are formed and created based on specific models that establish the order of vocabulary development and make them intuitive for native speakers.

The relevance оf this topic is also related to the fact that word formation is a typologically specific area оf the foreign language system, and it requires separate study in the process of foreign language education.

Also, the relevance is:

• in the study of word-building models - the identification and study of the main types of word-building in modern English;

• in the consideration of new trends in word-building, for example, what influence the computer, technology, globalization has on the formation of new vocabulary and the change of existing words;

• in the study of the functions of word-building - the enrichment of vocabulary, changes in the semantic and lexical coloring of the word, speech becomes more expressive, details оf speech are important.

The topic may present difficulties in distinguishing between complex words and phrases.

The object of research is lexical units in English.

The subject of this research is the productive methods of word formation in the English language.

The goals of the research are:

• to analyze the concept of word formation;

• to consider the types of word formation;

• to get acquainted with the features of word formation;

• to consider the theoretical foundations of word formation;

• to identify and analyze the mechanisms and rules that are used to form new words.

The objectives of the research are:

• to study the theoretical material from sources and literature;

• to conduct a practical study; • to consider the trends in the development of word formation;

• to study new words;

• to apply methods of word formation.

Hypothesis: This topic may include the consideration of affixation, compound words, conversion, and abbreviation, which are types of word formation that effectively enrich the language with new words.

Affixation helps to create entire families of words with the same root.

Conversion is most common when forming verbs from nouns that shows activity related to those nouns.

Abbreviation can be combined with other methods of word formation, such as simultaneous abbreviation and suffixation

The work uses theoretical and practical methods.

This work consists of an introduction, the main part, a conclusion, and a list of sources and literature used.

Chapter 1. Definition of "Word Formation"

The composition of words in English is always changing continuously. The development of the vocabulary of a language consists of adding new lexicon. The addition of words is carried out in two ways:

1. borrowed words;

2. word formation (the formation of new words).

Word formation is an important section in lexicology, which is a complex of the formation of new lexical units and individual structures and models in their current state and historical development, as well as their types and productivity.

Changes in words occur in the inventory of word-forming affixes, the productivity and activity of word-forming models, the frequency of words created according to certain models, and the formation of new concepts in traditional word-forming models. Analyzing the formation of new words in terms of their functioning and evolution provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects of word-forming methods, tools, and models. Therefore, it is essential to carefully study word formation and its system.

The definition of "word formation" can be viewed in different ways: on the one hand, word formation is the creation of new words based on specific models, and on the other hand, it is the study of the methods and means of generating new lexical units.

In order to understand word formation, it is necessary to know and remember that a word has a complex semantic structure, formal and semantic integrity, and the ability to be distinguished and reproduced as a linguistic unit. The functions of a word include nominative, significative, communicative, pragmatic, and stylistic functions.

Word formation is at the intersection of lexicology and grammar, as new words are formed according to the grammar of the English language. This means that new words are created according to specific models (based on existing words) and always belong to a specific part of speech, possessing all the characteristics of parts of speech. There are various methods of word formation, such as affixation (prefixation and suffixation), compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and more.
This work covers the basic concepts used in the study of word formation. What does the term "word formation unit" mean? Each level of the language system has its own unit, such as the phoneme for phonetics and the word for lexicology. In our case, the unit of word formation is the word, as word formation is a branch of lexicology.

The structure of a word in English can be simple, derived, or complex. A simple word consists of a root and an ending that expresses morphological relationships. A derived word is formed by prefixation or suffixation. A complex word is formed by combining two or more root morphemes. The term "simple word" can be contrasted with the term "derived word," which sometimes includes both derived and complex words. A "derivative word" is a word that is formed by affixation, conversion, compounding, or some other type of word formation.

Derived words are dependent units that retain formal and semantic connections with the original words. In other words, a derived word has two essential features:

1. Derivedness in form;

2. Motivation in content.

The meaning and structure of a derived word are formed on the basis of the derived word. When considering derived words, it is necessary to compare their elements, find relationships between them, and compare the derived word with the original word. Depending on the analysis tasks and word formation methods, it is possible to study a derived word both as a whole and from within.

A derived word is unambiguous on the one hand, but it can become ambiguous over time. The emergence of new meanings in a word is not always related to the development of its semantic structure, unlike the ambiguity of a simple word. The semantic structure of a derived word is also influenced by its root word.

As mentioned earlier, new words are formed according to certain patterns. These patterns are abstracted from specific lexical content and represent a model of word formation. A word formation model is a structure that has a generalized lexical and categorical content and can be expanded with different lexical material if it follows certain patterns of relationship between its components.

The main distinctive features of a word-formation model: 1. the general categorical meaning - the belonging of words created according to a certain model to a specific part of speech or a specific lexical-semantic category of words; 2. the structural composition, i.e., the components of word formation; 3. the nature of the structural and semantic relationships between the elements; 4. the word-formation meaning and the nature of the semantic connection with the source word; 5. the word-formation productivity.

According to their structure, word-formation models can be divided into two groups: linear; non-linear.

Linear models are models where derivationality is clearly expressed, and new words are created by using specific word-building means, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root bases. Affixal models and compound word models are examples of linear word-building models. These words have morphological structure and are among the most productive word-building models in modern English. Non-linear models, on the other hand, are models where derivationality is not expressed, and words are created without the use of any word-building means. These include all cases of conversion, as well as reverse word formation.

Word-formation models can be productive and unproductive. Productive models are those that serve as a template for the creation of new words.

Non-productive – models whose samples are not used to create new words and are represented by already existing words. The number of such words is limited, and it is a closed set.

New words can be divided into groups depending on their purpose, role in language and speech, and relationship to the composition of words: 1) Usual words are firmly established in the vocabulary of a language and are included in dictionaries;2) Occasional words are words created in the flow of speech;3) Potential words are words created by the speaker using productive models with a specific semantic motivation and a regular relationship between the components.

Occasional and potential words appear and disappear, and they are not always included in dictionaries.

Chapter 2. Main Types of Word Formation

In word formation, there are two main groups of methods for forming new words: word production and word composition. Word production refers to word formation models that involve the identity of the root. In these words, the same root is used to form a new word with the help of affixes. Word composition, on the other hand, involves the combination of two or more roots in the same word. Word production and word composition can also be combined in a single word, where the result is a combination of three roots, and the word is formed with the help of a suffix, indicating word production.

In the word-formation system of the modern English language, the following methods of forming new words are distinguished: affixation (prefixation and suffixation), conversion, word compounding, reduction (truncation, initial reduction and telescopy), reverse word formation, post-positioning, onomatopoeia, repetition, lexical-semantic word formation, alternation of sounds, transfer of stress in a word. The main types of English word formation are affixation, conversion, word compounding and reduction. Each method of word formation is explained, taking into account its structure, the relationship of its constituent elements and meanings.

The problem of distinguishing between compound words and phrases can be solved by considering the main types of word formation and studying and memorizing them.

Affixation is one of the most productive methods of word formation in modern English. It involves adding affixes to roots or stems. The structure of word formation involves three essential elements: the root or stem, the affix, and the model used to attach the affix to the stem. In other words, a derived word is the result of the interaction between these three components. This is due to the fact that the word-forming stem, due to its structural, semantic, and grammatical characteristics, combines affixes according to objective models that show the existing connections between the stem and the affix.

Affixation in modern English is represented by two methods:

• suffixation;

• prefixation.

Suffixation is the addition of suffixes to roots and stems.

Conversion is a method in which a new word appears without a quantitative change in the basic form of the original word and without the use of linear means of word formation. This method of word formation is a root or suffixless method of word formation. Conversion is one of the main effective ways to increase the vocabulary of modern English.

A compound word is a word that consists of two or more bases that can be used separately in the language. As a result of compounding, the derived word is a single whole, a new concept that is not always equal to the sum of the meanings that it consists of.

Reduction is the process of reducing the number of phonemes and/or morphemes in words or phrases in a language without changing their lexical-grammatical meaning (category), resulting in a new nominative unit.¹

Chapter 3. Examples of Word Formation in English

In the practical part of the work, we will consider word formation within the framework of attaching suffixes, prefixes (prefixes) to the basics of a word.

The suffixes –er,or,ar show the performer of the action, the profession or the tool:

• liar;

• teacher.

The suffix –ess forms the feminine noun and connects with verbs and nouns: • actress;

• princess.

The suffix –ee denotes the person to whom the action is directed:

• employee;

• bitee.

The suffix –ist shows the belonging to a certain profession, sphere of work, direction:

• dramatist;

• pianist.

The suffix –ant, ent denotes a definite person, activity, substance:

• accountant;

• pleasant.

With the help of the suffix –ing, nouns are formed from verbs, denoting an action, process, result.:

• reading;

• interesting.

The suffix –ness nouns are formed from adjectives:

• happiness;

• kindness.

The suffix –ty (ity) nouns are formed from adjectives, denotes quality or condition:

• purity;

• activity.

The suffix –ure stands for action, result, function:

• measure;

• creature.

The suffix –ism is used to denote abstract concepts:

• symbolism;

• optimism.

The suffix –age is used to denote concepts, processes, actions, and their results:

• homage;

• herbage.

The suffixes –ance, –ence, –ancy, and –ency are used to denote actions, states, or qualities. The suffixes –ance and –ancy are combined with verbs that end in –y, –ure, –ear, or –ate. The suffixes –ency,ence are attached to verbs ending in –ere, to stressed endings –er, after –cid-, -vid-, -fid, -sid-.

• endurance;

• reverence.

There are also exceptions, such as:

• depend-dependence.

The suffix –acy indicates qualities, states, and nouns are formed from the bases of adjectives or nouns that often end in –ate, acious:

• accuracy;

• literacy.

The negative prefix (prefix) –un is used to show the opposite meaning: • unusual;

• uncomfortable.

-im is used with words that begin with m and p:

• impatient;

• impossible.

- super, hyper means "over":

• supermarket;

• supernatural.

-under means "below" and is the opposite of the prefix -over:

• underestimate;

• underage.

-inter means "between":

• interethnic.²

Conclusion

This topic was chosen because it is relevant for study, as any language is constantly expanding its vocabulary.

The topic of word formation in English is interesting and complex, as there are many different ways of vocabulary replenishment, such as conversion, affixation, word compounding, and abbreviation. There are linear and non-linear word formation models.

Word formation is an important part of lexicology, and it is also important for modern English.

We also learned that there are simple and complex words, derived words, as well as common words, occasional words, and potential words.

Many words are formed from adjectives, other nouns, and new words are created by adding a large number of prefixes and suffixes to verbs. We have used prefixes and suffixes to create new words.

The objectives of the research were to analyze the concept of word formation, examine the types of word formation, study the features of word formation, review the theoretical foundations of word formation, and identify and analyze the mechanisms and rules used to create new words.

To achieve the goals, the following tasks were set: studying theoretical material from sources and literature, conducting practical research, examining trends in word formation, studying new words, and applying methods of word formation.

In the course of the research work, we examined the main points and features, namely the methods and ways by which word formation occurs in English. This material can be used for study in 6-7 grades. The goals of the work were achieved. The hypothesis has been proven.

List of sources and literature used

1. Afanasyeva O.Yu., Fedotova M.G., Pazderina E.M. Word Formation in English: Textbook and Practical Guide/ O.Yu. Afanasyeva, M.G. Fedotova, E.M. Pazderina; South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University. – Chelyabinsk: South Ural Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Education, 2020. – 85 p.;

2.https://studfile.net/preview/11929411/page:5/ ; 3.https://nsportal.ru/shkola/raznoe/library/2021/01/25/osobennosti-angliyskogo-slovoobrazovaniya

Certificate of uniqueness

И.о.директора

МБОУ Лесногородская СОШ: Тихонова Н.А.

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