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The influence of the natural conditions of the Crimea on soil acidity

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Боброва Е.А. 1Филатова Е.А. 1

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1МБОУ школа № 4

Блохина Н.А. 1Карпова Е.П. 1

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1МБОУ школа № 4 г. Долгопрудный

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Introduction

Soil acidity is an important agrochemical parameter characterizing the suitability of a substrate for growing certain crops. The soil reaction affects the nutritional regime of soils, the growth, development and productivity of plants, the activity of soil microorganisms, the transformation of the forms of nutrient elements of fertilizers and soil, the agrophysical, agrochemical, physicochemical and biological properties of soils.

There are more than 400 species of soils and several thousand varieties with different agrochemical composition have been identified in the Crimea. The exceptional variegation of the soil cover is associated with a variety of landforms, lithological composition of surface deposits, as well as climatic conditions and vegetation in combination with centuries-old human activity.

The Crimea is called "the world in miniature." And it is quite justified. By the nature of the relief, the peninsula is divided into three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain, which occupies about 70% of the territory, the ridged-hilly plains of the Kerch Peninsula and the mountainous Crimea.

In the Crimea three main climatic regions are also distinguished, these are mountain, plain and south-coastal regions. Each of these climatic regions has its own annual rainfall per year, and accordingly, the weather, between these areas is very different. The Crimea is characterized by great landscape diversity, which is a prerequisite for great biodiversity.

In such different natural conditions, soils are formed, which significantly differ from each other in composition, structure and properties.

The purpose of our work: to analyze the influence of physical and geographical environmental factors on the acidity of the Crimean soils.

Tasks: 1) using literary sources, get acquainted with the relief, climate, biodiversity of the Crimea;

2) to select soil samples in various natural landscapes of the Crimea;

3) to determine the acidity in soil samples, to compare the influence of the lithological composition of surface deposits and other factors that affect the acidity of the soil

Research methods: 1) theoretical; 2) field; 3) laboratory research.

Subject of research: the Crimean soils.

Object of research: soil acidity and biodiversity on these soils.

Research time: June - November 2019.

                              2. Literature review

The nature of the Crimean peninsula is unique in its combination of the plain landscapes and the mountain ranges.

In the relief of the Mountain Crimea several steps (the so-called three ridges of the Crimean mountains) are distinctly distinguished: the Outer Ridge (up to 350 m high), the Inner (up to 740 m) and the Main (the highest point - 1545 m). The first two steps make up the foothills.

The main ridge is the highest, the longest and most important for the Crimea. It is a huge stone wall of kilometer height that protects the green South Coast from the northern air masses. It supplies the peninsula with moisture: the largest springs that feed rivers and fill reservoirs are born here. The main ridge of the Crimean mountains has a major impact on the nature of the peninsula. It has a special climate, a special wind rose. Here the law of altitudinal zoning already applies.

It begins near Cape Fiolent not far from the city of Sevastopol and stretches in the eastern and northeastern directions, vanishing in the vicinity of the city of Feodosia (Cape Ilyin). Its height varies greatly, for example, at Cape Ai, it is about 557 m above sea level, and then all, increasing. And already in the area of ​​Mount Ai-Petri, the mountain range reaches a height of more than 1200 m [1, 2].

The inner ridge lies north and northwest of the Main ridge, starting from the Meckenziev Mountains in the Sevastopol region and stretches northeast to Belogorsk, and further east to Mount Agarmysh near the Old Crimea, 125 kilometers. The heights of the ridge range from 400-500 meters [3].

The northernmost ridge is called the Outer. It reaches only 343 m above sea level. It stretches from Cape Fiolent to Simferopol and ends northeast of Belogorsk. The outer ridge consists of low flat-topped hills which are less interesting in landscape terms. Going down to the north, it gradually passes into the plain [4].

The Steppe Crimea occupying about two thirds of the territory. It borders with the Black Sea lowland, Karkinitsky Bay and Sivash Bay in the north, with the Crimean Mountains - in the south, the Black Sea - in the west, and the Sivash Bay and the Kerch Peninsula in the east [5].

The Crimean mountains are a folded-block system, which belongs to the Mediterranean folded belt. The ridges are composed mainly of sedimentary rocks. Volcanic effusive and intrusive forms appear in some places in the relief [1].

Considering the map of the climate of Crimea we can distinguish three zones with different indicators: steppe, mountain and south-coast.

On the expanses of the steppe Crimea a continental climate reigns, which makes the summer dry and hot, and the winters are quite frosty and not very snowy. There is a high wind speed, for which there are no barriers.

Three ridges of the Crimean mountains are a territory with several zones:

- at the very foot of the wind winds and arid areas prevail;

- higher the mountains are covered with forests, it is more humid and cold than below, and rains are a regular occurrence, especially for spring and autumn.

The mildest climate on the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea, there are subtropical and Mediterranean climate with hot, but not arid summers, long sunny spring and warm winter [7].

The soil cover of the republic is very diverse.

The following soil groups are distinguished in the Crimea: southern, ordinary, foothill black soils; meadow chernozemic soils; chestnut soils; meadow chestnut soils; salt licks; salt marshes; meadow soils; meadow swamp soils; sod-carbonate soils; brown mountain forest soils; mountain meadow soils; mountain meadow-steppe chernozem-like soils; brown soils; primitive or underdeveloped soils [8].

3.The experimental part. 3.1. Research methodology

Studies were conducted in the southern and western parts of the Crimea. The soil was selected in the following areas: the Belogorsky district, the Sevastopol region, the Simferopol region, the Black Sea region, the Bakhchisarai region, the Pervomaisk region and in the urban districts of Yalta and Alushta (Appendix 1-3). The selection was carried out at a depth of 0-10 cm, in various natural and cultural landscapes of the Crimea.

The selected samples were dried and sieved through a 1mm sieve to determine the pH. Agrochemical analysises of the soil were carried out on the basis of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Center "VIK named after V.R. Williams" in the department of analytical research methods under the supervision of researchers (Appendix 4). Soil acidity in salt extraction was determined according to GOST 26483-85 by potentiometric method.

                            3.2. Research results

The research results are presented in table 1.

                                                                                          Table 1

     Soil acidity of various natural landscapes

More than 400 species of soils and several thousand varieties with different agrochemical composition have been identified in the Crimea. The Plain Crimea is located in the subzone of turfy-cereal dry steppes with southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils. Brown mountain forest soils are widespread in the main ridge of the mountains, and mountain-steppe and mountain meadow chernozem-like soils are found on the top part (yayl).

Brown soils, formed under sub-Mediterranean dry forests and shrubbery thickets, are characteristic of the southern coast and partially of the southwestern part of Crimea [8]. These soils have a neutral environmental response in our studies.

A variety of landforms, the lithological composition of surface deposits, as well as climatic conditions and vegetation, greatly influence soil-forming processes.

 Our studies found that the acidity of soils formed on sedimentary rocks was neutral or slightly alkaline. As we were able to understand, in the Crimea there are various types of limestones, which differ in the method of formation, density [6].

Marbled limestone is formed in the process of gradual compaction of this rock in the earth's crust and it is a transitional stage between limestone and marble. It lines the lower plateau of Chatyr-Dag mountain and other mountains of the main ridge (Appendix 6).

The special properties of Ai-Petri limestones are explained by the fact that this mountain is a fossil reef. Reef limestone was formed from skeletons of corals and crusts of calcareous algae in a shallow area of ​​the Late Jurassic Sea (Appendix 10).

Bryozoan limestones are colonies of small marine bryozoan animals cemented with calcareous cement mixed with clay substance. Its location is the city of Inkerman (Appendix 15).

In the city of Bakhchisarai these are probably nummulite limestones, which got their name from the shells of nummulites that are in their composition, resembling a coin in shape (Appendix 14).

In the region of Yevpatoriya (Appendix 11, 12) there are shell limestone (shell lime). This type of limestone is characterized by a porous structure and it consists of bedding of shells of ancient mollusks and their fragments.

In our studies, the acidity of the soil sampled at these sites is slightly different. So, mails on marble-like limestones of Chatyr-Dag had a neutral reaction of the environment and on other limestones - slightly alkaline.

 Soils formed on porphyry had an acidic reaction - these are rocks of magmatic origin of acidic or medium composition (Ai-Yora Mountain, Appendix 8). At the foot of this mountain (Appendix 7) there are Taurian schists - marine sedimentary rocks, which are mainly of clastic origin, that characterized by a regular alternation of various types of rocks. The reaction of the soil environment is neutral.

Soil formation in the mountainous regions is associated with the manifestation of vertical zoning. Vertical zoning should be understood as a change of soil depending on the height of the area, which is associated with changes in climate and vegetation. This can be traced in our studies on the example of soils selected at different heights of the mountains of Chatyr Dag and Ai-Yori. At the Emie-Bair-Khosar cave on Mount Chatyr-Dag and on the top of Ai-Yori mountain the soils are underdeveloped, their layer does not exceed 10 cm. They lie directly on the rock. The pH value in these samples differs from the values ​​at lower horizons, especially on Ai-Petri Mountain. The acidity here changes from 5.03 at an altitude of 572 m to 5.80 at an altitude of 500 m. The vegetation at these altitudes is replaced by mosses and lichens on beech-hornbeam forests. Ay-Yori Holy Spring is located in the shale zone on the western slope Ai-Yori mountains among beech-oak forest. The acidity of the soil there was 5.53.

Thus, the value of soil acidity in our studies depended on the rock on which the soil was formed, on vegetation and climate.

                                         4. Conclusions

1. In a relatively small territory of the Crimea there is a huge variety of landforms, soils, flora and fauna. The nature of the Crimea is not in vain called the "natural museum".

2. In our studies soil acidity was determined by the diversity of parent rocks, topography, climate and vegetation.

3. The acidity of soils formed on sedimentary rocks was neutral or slightly alkaline. The soil on igneous rock had an acid reaction.

4. Soil formation in mountainous regions is associated with the manifestation of vertical zoning.

This work is devoted to the study of the influence of underlying rock, climate, vegetation on the acidity of the Crimean soils. In Crimea there are more than 400 types of soils that have different agrochemical composition. Soil acidity is an important agrochemical parameter characterizing the suitability of a substrate for growing certain crops. The soil reaction affects the nutritional regime of soils, the growth, development and productivity of plants, the activity of soil microorganisms, the transformation of the forms of nutrient elements of fertilizers and soil, the agrophysical, agrochemical, physicochemical and biological properties of soils.

The Crimean agriculture is more specialized in crop production. All plants are significantly sensitive to soil acidity. Studying the reaction of the soil solution medium, we have found that the Crimean soils for the most part have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction of the medium, which is the optimal value for growing many crops, especially sugar, fodder and table beets, white cabbage, grain, alfalfa , sainfoin, mustard, canola, onions, garlic, celery, spinach, peppers, parsnips, currants, etc.

                                        5. Literature

1. Crimean Mountains [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: http://jalita.com/guidebook/crimea/mountain.shtml (accessed September 11, 2019)

2. The main ridge of the Crimean mountains is the stone heart of the peninsula [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: "http://krymphoto.com/index.php?route=news/article&news_id=36(address"news_id=36(address of September 12, 2019)

3. Physico-geographical characteristics of the internal ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the Belbek River Valley [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: https://www.bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=531900 (accessed September 12, 2019)

4. Crimean mountains [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: http: //adonis-crimea.com.ua/crimea/georafija-kryma.html (accessed September 11, 2019)

5. Steppe Crimea [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: https://academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1641054 (accessed September 11, 2019)

6. Useful minerals of Crimea [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: https://krymology.fandom.com/rm/wiki/Useful_fossils_Crimea (accessed 11.25.2019)

7. Different types of climate in Crimea [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: http://ecology-of.ru/klimat/v-krymu/(address of September 11, 2019)

8. Soils of Crimea [Electronic resource] .- Access mode: https://ekoshka.ru/pochvy-kryma-kratko/ (accessed 11.25.2019

7.Appendix

Appendix 1. Map of Crimea

Appendix 2. The approximate location of the three ridges of the Crimean mountains on the physical map of the Crimea. The main ridge (the highest) is indicated in blue. The inner ridge is indicated in orange. The outer ridge (northernmost, the lowest) is marked in green.

Appendix 3. Regions and regions of the Crimea

Appendix 5. The northern slope of Mount Tau Bashi

Appendix 6. The lower plateau of Chatyr-Dag Mountain

Appendix 7. v. Grape Appendix 8. The top of Mount Ai-Yori

Appendix 9. At the waterfall Djur-Djur

Appendix 10. On the top of Ai-Petri Mountain

Appendix 11. Evpatoria. The Moinaki Lake

Appendix 12. Steppe

Appendix 13. Vegetation on the Red Rock

Appendix 14. Limestones of Appendix 15. Limestones of

 Bakhchisaray Inkerman