XXIV Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся
Старт в науке
Суеверия как предмет исследования лингвокультурологии
Автор работы награжден дипломом победителя I степени
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Research plan
The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that superstitions are part of the cultural heritage, and knowledge of folklore, folk traditions, expands the understanding of the country, the spiritual life of the people, makes it possible to better understand its history and customs.
Comparison of superstitions of two countries contributes to a better understanding of cultures, thereby erasing the difficulties of communication, improving mutual understanding and friendly relations.
The works of foreign and domestic linguists, such as Paul Henri Holbach and Sergei Fedorovich Pankin, are devoted to this issue. In their works, the problems of naming superstitions, linguistic expressions of superstitions of cultures are studied in detail.
This work examines the names of superstitions related to Russian and English linguocultures.
The object of the study is superstitions in Russian and English linguocultures.
The subject of the study is the features of semantics, linguistic forms of expression of superstitions in the considered linguacultures.
The purpose of the study is to identify the national and cultural specifics of the meaning-making of superstitions in the English and Russian linguacultures.
We assume that:
1) The superstition of a particular nation depends on its socio-cultural characteristics (standard of living, historical roots, etc.).
2) The superstition of people does not depend on age and level of education.
3) Superstitions have semantic meaning, among them we can distinguish various semantic groups that help to identify the national and cultural originality of the picture of the world among representatives of these linguacultures.
Artistic means are used in the construction of superstitions.
Based on the goals and hypothesis of the study, we were set the following tasks:
1) To study the theoretical provisions of the study;
2) To study the superstitions of Russia and Great Britain;
3) To highlight the types and semantic groups of superstitions of Russia and Great Britain;
4) Conduct a sociological survey on this issue.
5) Publish information brochures
During the study, we used the following methods:
Theoretical - studying literature, searching for information on the topic.
Practical - a sociological survey, collecting superstitions, publishing brochures.
Textual analysis.
Lexical analysis.
The value of the work lies in the fact that the studied and summarized material can be used by people of different ages: parents, students, teachers when conducting lessons, extracurricular activities and for self-education.
The work was tested at the Regional Scientific and Practical Conference "On the Way to Discoveries".
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
Introduction
We live in an era of scientific and technological progress: year after year, day after day, we witness new scientific discoveries, technical inventions. It is difficult to surprise us with anything. But, despite the achievements of nanotechnology, we can often hear: "Knock on wood!", "Let's sit down for the road!" So what is the reason for such persistence of superstitions? [10].
The field of superstition research causes a lot of controversy, when considering this issue, such areas as religion, psychology, cultural and spiritual life of people are affected.
Methods of teaching foreign languages and cultures expand the range of interests of comparative analysis of languages, language in this case is considered not only within the framework of its communicative-cognitive function, but also as a kind of ethnocultural code of individual linguacultural communities [9]. Using superstitions as an example, we establish the relationship between culture and language.
In our work we study superstitions as a subject of linguacultural studies.
The priority direction of modern linguacultural studies is the study of language in close connection with a person, his consciousness, thinking and spiritual and practical activity. The study of the ethnicity of the people becomes the subject of close attention of linguists.
Chapter 1. Linguacultural studies: the relationship and interaction of
culture and language
1.1. Linguacultural studies as a science of language research
Linguacultural studies: the relationship and interaction of culture and language
Linguacultural studies is a science that arose at the intersection of linguistics and cultural studies and studies the manifestations of the culture of the people, which are reflected and fixed in the language. It can be considered an independent direction of linguistics.
Culturology is a science that studies culture, the most general patterns of its development. Culturology studies human self-awareness in relation to nature, society, art and other spheres of his social and cultural existence. The subject of cultural studies is the objective laws of world and national cultural processes. Cultural studies as a science arose in the middle of the 20th century. One of the main tasks of cultural studies is to identify the laws of cultural development that differ from the laws of nature and the laws of human material life and determine the specificity of culture as a valuable sphere of existence. Языкознаниерассматриваетмировоззрение, котороеотображаетсяификсируетсявязыке.
Linguistic culture has as its subject both language and culture, which are in dialogue, interaction.
V.A. Maslova believes that the main object of linguoculturology is the relationship and interaction of culture and language. The subject is the national forms of existence of society, reproduced in the system of linguistic communication and based on its cultural values, everything that makes up the "linguistic picture of the world." [12]
The concept of "linguistic picture of the world" was introduced into the scientific terminology system by L. Weissberger. The main characteristics of the linguistic picture of the world, which the author endows it with, are the following: [1] the linguistic picture of the world is a system of all possible contents: spiritual, determining the uniqueness of culture and mentality through sounds and syntax.
It is no coincidence that G.O. Vinokur noted: any linguist who studies the language of a given culture thereby becomes a researcher of the culture to which the language he has chosen belongs. [2]
Having studied the theoretical material on linguacultural studies as a science, we can confidently state that the study of superstitions as a subject of linguacultural studies is an important and interesting process, because:
1. Most linguists agree that language, being a social phenomenon, can and should be considered not only from a purely linguistic point of view, but, most importantly, from an extralinguistic or cultural one. And since superstitions are part of culture, they are of great interest.
2. There is a constant relationship between language and culture, since language reflects reality, and culture is an integral component of this reality that a person encounters, then language is a simple reflection of culture.
3. The subject of linguacultural studies is units of language reproduced in the system of linguistic communication, reflecting cultural values and acquiring symbolic, figurative and metaphorical meaning in culture. Such units include superstitions.
4. Superstitions are an integral part of the naive picture of the world - the ancient system of non-scientific human knowledge.
1.2. The concept of superstitions
There are various approaches in modern linguistics to the interpretation of modern superstitions. In it, superstition is understood as a cultural tradition, a component of habitual consciousness, in accordance with which a person creates and corrects his behavior. [3]
To identify the semantics of the word "superstition" we turned to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl, who explains superstitions as "an erroneous, false belief in something; faith in cause and effect, where there is no connection." [5]
The word "superstition" is formed using the adverb "suye" or "vsuye" - "in vain, for nothing, in vain, in vain." There is a narrower, church definition: suye - "opposite to our eternal good, spiritual life." We say about a person “vain”, about life – “one big bustle”.
“Superstition” is often presented as a special case of prejudice; many superstitions are rooted in one or another religious tradition.
Within the framework of linguacultural studies, superstition is understood as a perception of the world transmitted through traditions in written form, which is beyond our understanding, which people are guided by when they decide on a model of behavior.
Superstitions as folklore texts are studied in folklore studies and as linguistic units – in paremiology, where they are defined as moral teachings with a predictive function.
Every superstition has a meaning. "Meanings take place in the culture of society and play the role of values of being and consciousness of society. Although integral sets of meanings, principles by which they are categorized, value settings and other parts of the picture of the world have differences among different peoples. Similarly, the ways of expressing reality outside of language in words also differ." The reasons for these differences, according to S.G. Ter-Minasova, are the specifics of the history and living conditions of different peoples, as well as the development of consciousness of their society." [14] Some authors interpret superstitions as echoes of primitive attempts to understand the inexplicable, to understand a complex and confusing world. Others consider them as natural consequences of the inability to understand the existence or absence of cause-and-effect relationships between people's own behavior and subsequent events in the world. Such units include superstitions, which are an integral part of the naive, ancient picture of the world, the systemic knowledge of man, going beyond the scientific, included in the picture of the world of the language of a specific nationality and carrying a special meaning for the bearers of this linguaculture.
In addition, superstitions are part of the psychology of the nation: closely connected with folklore, folk culture, and history, they are very valuable material for research in the field of linguacultural studies.
In this study, we include only those units in situations with which it is difficult for a modern person to restore the connection according to the logic of the situation with its predicted consequence. Studying superstitions, we can identify meanings that are significant from the point of view of culture and exist as objects in the form of the units under study. Superstition, according to the definition of Paul Henri Holbach, is a prejudice that consists in the fact that a specific person accepts forces unknown to him as reality, believing that they have the ability to anticipate events and even influence them. Superstition includes an unconscious assumption that it is possible to protect oneself from such forces or find a compromise with them. [4]
Further, we will adhere to the definition of Paul Henri Holbach. Also, having considered the concepts of superstition, we believe that superstitions are the names of ideas or beliefs based not on knowledge, but on faith.
1.3. Superstitions in Russian and English Cultures
Both Russia and Great Britain, like any country, have their own culture, traditions, and folklore. The folklore of the peoples of the world is a unique historical document. It reveals the philosophy of the people, their firm belief in the victory of good over evil. Superstitions are folklore.
Superstitions have existed among all peoples since ancient times and to this day. Superstitions are beliefs by virtue of which some phenomena and events are considered to be a sign of the future and a manifestation of supernatural powers. Superstitions are associated with the lack of a correct, scientific understanding of the connections and patterns of natural and social phenomena.
The history of superstitions can be explained by people's fear of events that they would like to prevent, thus people begin to strengthen the idea that they have the power to make something happen according to their wishes by certain actions. Superstition is a belief, usually generated by fear, that contradicts the considerations of reason and cannot be confirmed by experience.
Since superstitions are a cultural tradition, they reflect the meanings that are most important for a given culture. Different cultures are categorized differently, and, as a rule, we do not have full knowledge of the superstitions of life in a country with a different linguistic culture.
Mysterious legends and customs are rooted in the beliefs of peoples. In order to understand how such traditions evolved in Britain, it is important to analyze the most significant factors that influenced the formation of Celtic beliefs, namely: Eurasian shamanism, the cult of the dead, belief in fairies, as well as the influence of the Scythian-Sarmatian culture.
Superstitions are reflected in the social structure in the form of customs, rituals, beliefs and manifest themselves in their forms (beliefs and astrology, magic, as well as pseudo-spiritual teachings, etc.).
The study of superstitions in Russian and English is a process that is extremely interesting due to the special pattern of preserving knowledge and passing it on from one generation to another.
Another reason why we find this topic worthy of study is the interest in the peculiarities of the culture and customs of another country, for example, Great Britain. Knowledge of folklore, in particular proverbs and fairy tales, signs, folk songs and legends broadens our understanding of a given country, allowing us to understand its people from the point of view of their customs and history.
People interested in studying the English language and the culture of the corresponding country will certainly find this topic very interesting. Knowing the signs and traditions, as well as the superstitions of Great Britain, you can better understand the deep meaning of works of English literature, as well as the reasons for any events that historically accompany the course of development of this interesting country.
1.4. Similarities and differences between English and Russian superstitions.
Russia and Britain are known for the richness of their culture, traditions and folklore. When studying the superstitions of these countries, first of all, we must remember that the peoples of these countries have different religions. Most people in our country are Orthodox, and most Britons are Catholics. It should be added that Russia and Britain have gone through different historical paths, have different geographical locations - all this is reflected in the similarities and differences of superstitions.
Differences between English and Russian superstitions.
There are many differences between English and Russian superstitions. Perhaps one of the most important differences is the interpretation of the sign when a black cat crosses your path. If in Russia this means bad luck, then in England a black cat symbolizes just the opposite - happiness and good luck. Literally, this sign from the English point of view sounds like this: "If a black cat crosses your path, you will have good luck." Perhaps this is why many famous people in Great Britain choose black cats as pets.
In Russia, cats of this color have always been feared. This religious prejudice about a black cat bringing misfortune arose many thousands of years ago.
When people believed in the existence of witches, they associated a black cat with a witch. They believed that black cats were disguised witches. Killing a cat did not mean killing a witch, since a witch could take the form of a cat nine times. This is where the myth that cats have nine lives came from. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that witches and sorcerers used the brain of a black cat to prepare a mysterious potion. As a result of all these associations, a black cat in Russia and many other countries has become a symbol of bad luck.
There is also a superstition in England that if your left hand itches, it means you will lose money. If you scratch your left hand, you will give money away. In Russia, it is believed that when your left hand itches, it promises great wealth.
It should also be said that in Russia, spiders were associated with nothing more than evil spirits and diseases. In England, there is a superstition: “If you see a small spider, you will get a lot of money”, which literally translates as: “If you see a small spider, you will get rich”.
If in Russia black crows were associated with something bad, then in England they are considered birds that bring good luck. It is therefore not surprising that the famous Tower of London is home to ravens.
In Russia, there is a superstition that if you talk while mending your clothes, you can sew on your memory, and you will forget everything. In England, they say: "If you mend your clothes on your back, you will leave much money to lack." This means that if you mend your clothes, you will lose your wealth.
There are also many superstitions in Great Britain that have no analogue in Russia. For example, such a superstition: "If you walk under a ladder, you will have bad luck", which means that if you walk under a ladder, you will be accompanied by bad luck.
Similarities between English and Russian superstitions.
Despite the fact that Russian culture is very different from English, many superstitions coincide. First of all, these are superstitions that are common all over the world, such as lucky and unlucky numbers, superstitions about mirrors and weather conditions, ceremonies dedicated to common holidays and some superstitions connected with animals.
So, there are many superstitions connected with nature, charms, spirits, objects, flowers, accidents and so on. But, probably, there is no other superstitious sign to which most people would attach so much importance in one form or another as recognizing the number 13 as unlucky. In many hotels there is no floor number 13 - the count goes from the 12th straight to the 14th. In many hotels there is no room number 13. many people would never invite 13 people to dinner.
Oddly enough, there is no single generally accepted explanation for the origin of the superstition connected with the number 13. There are many different opinions on this matter.
Some experts believe that the number 13 has been unpopular since the time when man began to learn to count. Using 10 fingers and two feet as separate units, he was able to count to 12. But then came the unknown number 13, which frightened man.
In religious circles, the number 13 and the superstition that arose around it is associated with the Last Supper, which was attended by Christ and 12 apostles - 13 in total, with Judas being the thirteenth.
Superstitions about lucky and unlucky days of the week are as widespread as superstitions about the number
Conclusions to Chapter 1:
1. Most linguists agree that language, being a social phenomenon, can and should be considered not only from a purely linguistic point of view, but, most importantly, from an extralinguistic or cultural one. And so superstitions are part of culture, and they are of great interest.
2. There is a constant interconnection between language and culture, since language reflects reality, and culture is an integral component of this reality that a person encounters, then language is a simple reflection of culture.
4. The subject of research in linguacultural studies are units of language reproduced in the system of linguistic communication, reflecting cultural values and having acquired symbolic, figurative and metaphorical meaning in culture. Superstitions are such units.
5. In the two compared cultures, there are superstitions that are both identical in meaning and different. It should be added that there are superstitions in England that have no analogues in Russia.
Chapter 2. Superstitions and means of their linguistic expression
2.1. Typology of superstitions in Russia and England.
Based on the works of S.L. Erilova, I.A. Cherginets [15], as well as our own theoretical research, we can note that the typology of English superstitions is based on prototypical elements.
Prototypical elements of English superstitions are nationally specific signs of different orders, covering various aspects of everyday life:[15]
1. Anthropomorphic (humanoid) - Chimney sweep = It’s very lucky to meet a chimney sweep. .
2. Somatic (bodily) - Cheeks = if your cheeks suddenly feel on fire, someone is talking about you; 3. Action (action) – singing (singing) = if you sing before seven, you will cry before eleven.
4. Zoomorphic (animals) - Cat (cat) = if a black cat walks towards you, it brings good fortune, but if it walks away, it takes the good luck with it;
5. Artifact (product of human activity) – Candle (candle) = if a candle lighted as part of a ceremony blows out, it is a sign that evil spirits are nearby; bed = its bad luck to put a hat on a bed.
6. Natural (natural phenomena) - Rainbow (rainbow) = a rainbow in the Eastern sky, the tomorrow'll be fine and dry; a rainbow in the West that gleams, rain tomorrow falls in streams.
6. Floromorphic (plants) – ivy growing on a house protects the inhabitants from witchcraft and evil
7. Coloromorphic (color) – blue = to protect yourself from witches
9. Numerological (number) - counting crows = One's bad, Two's luck, Three's health, Four's wealth, Five's sickness, Six is death; sneeze = One for sorrow, Two for joy, Three for a letter, Four for a boy.
10. Gluttonic (products) – bread = before slicing a new loaf of bread, make the sign of the cross on it
11. Ritual (birth, death) – birth, marriage, death, etc.
12. Professional - sailors' signs of good luck are tattoos, a gold ear-ring worn in the left ear; sailors’ signs of ill luck are meeting a pig, a priest or a woman on the way to one’s ship».
The typology of superstitions in Russian linguoculture is built on the principle of semantic linguocultural spheres:
1. Meanings associated with the physical and mental state of a person. Here we also include the movement of a person in space:
- the birth of a child: An owl hoots near the house - to a newborn; You cannot tell strangers about the day and hour of birth.
- health/illness: Wipe your hands with a tablecloth - you will get hangnails; You cannot spit into the fire - a fire will jump up on your tongue;
- death: A bird flies into the house - to the death of one of the household.
- travel: If your feet or one foot itch, it means that you will soon have to walk on foreign land.
2. Meanings related to social roles and relationships of a person in society:
- successful/unsuccessful marriage: To get married in May means to suffer for a century.
- well-being/poverty; profit/loss of money, new thing, gift: If you did not recognize a familiar person – he will be rich. The right palm itches – to receive money; Whistle in the house – to lose money;
- arrival of guests: Choked at the table – someone is in a hurry to visit; A fork or spoon fell from the table – a guest will come, a knife fell from the table – a man will come to visit; A cat cleans itself – "washes" guests.
- relationships, love, friendship, quarrel: Accidentally spilling salt – to a quarrel;
3. Meanings related to work, study and professional activity of a person:
- exam result: Before the exam you cannot shave or wash your hair;
- various professional signs, for example, among pilots: Cut your nails on the waning moon - lost money or flight delay; Sew on a button before the flight - expect trouble; You can't wash your car on a long journey; A merchant after his first purchase, fans the goods with money.
4. Existential meanings - fate, life, destiny, happiness-misfortune, fulfillment of desires: Born in a shirt - happy; A son resembles his mother, a daughter resembles her father - fortunately, and vice versa; If you blow out all the candles on a birthday cake, your wish will come true. [11]
Taking as a basis the principle of constructing meanings proposed by S. L. Erilova, [8] in accordance with the significance, as well as the ability of meanings to form semantic groups, we can present the superstitions of the English linguaculture as follows:
The meaning-basis "GoodLuck - BadLuck" is the semantic basis of superstitions, based on the opposition "Good-Evil". These units perform a prescriptive, regulating function in culture, creating the "illusion of control" of a person over life circumstances beyond his control. Under the influence of the meaning-basis, cultural-semantic meanings are also built on oppositions, for example "Health-Illness", "Life-Death", "Friend-Enemy", etc. Meanings are variants of the implementation of cultural-semantic dominants and represent thematic directions of their deployment "Marriage", "Apresent", "Payingmoney", "Avisitor" and others.
2.2.Artistic means used in constructing superstitions.
The most productive way of constructing the meanings of superstitions in both linguacultures under consideration are tropes - metaphor, metonymy, symbol. And also phonetic means such as rhythm and rhyme.
1.Metaphor.
The meaning of many superstitions is based on a metaphorical rethinking of the qualities of "fullness" and "emptiness": If someone comes towards you with full buckets, this foretells success in intention. Someone comes towards you with empty buckets - to an empty day, empty chores. If you give someone a wallet, then put a coin or a banknote in it so that it is never empty.
2.Metonymic transfer.
If you leave hair on the floor and scatter it around the yard, your head will hurt.
The superstitions are very careful... not to throw [the hair] carelessly away, for if a magpie finds it, and use it for the lining of its nest, the death of a person from whose head it has fallen is inevitable within the space of one short year. [7]
The purpose of these prohibitions is to protect a person from illness or the influence of evil spirits, since hair here metaphorically "replaces" the head, and, consequently, the person himself.
To prevent a dog from running away, a child should pull a tuft of fur from its neck.
This belief of Russian linguoculture is based on the principle of transferring a part to a whole: by owning a tuft of fur, the owner symbolically owns the whole dog.
3. Symbol.
Superstitions formed on the basis of a symbolic connection. An example is the opposition "left - right". According to ancient beliefs, the devil, the tempter, stands behind a person's left shoulder, and a guardian angel stands behind the right. That is why the custom of spitting three times over the left shoulder to prevent misfortune is so widespread in Rus'. Western culture traditionally assigns a greater symbolic role to the right than to the left.
The right is associated with seniority, priority, activity, and the solar, masculine principle; the left - with a secondary position, weakness, passivity, and the lunar, feminine principle. The left was often branded as the dark side, associated with black magic. Many beliefs are based on the opposition "right - left":
If your left eye itches you will cry, if you right itches you will laugh.
If the left ear burns, they talk kharm, if the right, good. [7]
If the right ear rings - good news, in the left - bad;
The left eye itches with tears, the right - to look at a loved one; The right palm itches - to receive, the left - to give money.
4. Euphemisms.
The lexeme "death" in the texts of English superstitions occurs three times more often than in Russian.
A lantern on the table is death in the stable;
If a big black spider comes into the house it is a sure sign of death.
In the superstitions of Russian linguoculture, instead of the word "death", derivatives of the lexeme "peace" are used: A dog's howl - to eternal peace; An icon will fall - to the deceased.
A possible explanation for this phenomenon can be the special nature of the attitude to death in Russian culture as a repose, a transition from earthly life to the eternal kingdom. Here we can also trace the fear of calling down trouble, the concern that by calling an object by name, we seem to call it, risking violating the shaky line between the real and the other world.
5. Phonetic means: rhythm and rhyme.
Rhythm and rhyme highlight the most significant, "key" words, awakening reflection aimed at restoring and creating meanings; a rhymed folklore text will certainly be colored emotionally.[13] Examples of the rhythmic and semantic organizing role of rhyme can be the following superstitions of Russian and English linguacultures:
To step over a log - it is hard to give birth to children;
To be overcome by hiccups - it means someone is remembering; To read while eating - to eat away your memory.
Knife on the floor - stranger to the door;
If you rock the cradle empty Then you shall have babies plenty;
Red sky at night, Sailor's delight, Red sky at morning Senior's warning.
6. Syntactic parallelism, which leads to intonational parallelism (coincidence of the number of stressed and unstressed syllables in two parts of the superstition): A dog's howl - for eternal rest;
Marry in May and rue the day;
See a penny pick it up and all the day you'll have good luck.
See a penny let it lay, bad luck you'll have all this day;
If your nose itches
Your mouth is in danger.
You'll kiss a fool,
And meet a stranger.
2.3. Practical part
In order to identify superstition, we asked parents, students and pupils to answer several questions (1)
60 respondents took part in the survey: 20 classmates, 20 teachers, 20 parents. After processing the data, we received the following results (2).
After determining the most common superstitions among the respondents, we learned the meaning of superstitions and published a brochure (3).
Conclusions to Chapter 2:
1. The system of superstitions of the two cultures is built on similar figurative foundations: anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, floromorphic, coloromorphic, numerological, professional, ritual signs from various spheres of existence of the Anglo-Saxon and Slavic ethnic groups. 2. The superstitions of the studied cultures are dominated by meanings that carry a negative assessment ("misfortune", "failure", "death", "presentiment of trouble", etc.), which is due to the main function of superstitions in human life: protective (prognostic).
3. The superstitions of Russia and Britain have similarities and differences in interpretation, and in Britain there are superstitions that have no analogues in Russia.
4. The most productive way of constructing the meanings of superstitions in both linguacultures under consideration are tropes - metaphor, metonymy, symbol. As well as phonetic means such as rhythm and rhyme.
5. The components of everyday consciousness, which include superstitions, being an integral part of the national linguistic picture of the world, reflect the peculiarities of the activities, consciousness and thinking of the bearers of this culture. It can be concluded with confidence that superstitions and prejudices have a powerful linguacultural potential and represent valuable material for linguacultural studies and ethnolinguistics.
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