XXIV Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся
Старт в науке
Как стать футболистом? Нелегкий путь становления
Автор работы награжден дипломом победителя II степени
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Introduction
Football is a team sport in which the goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal with your feet or other body parts (except your hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently, it is the most popular and popular sport in the world.
I chose this topic because I really like to play sports, especially playing football. I want to learn more about the history of the origin of this game, about the benefits of football for human health, about famous players. And most importantly, to find out if it is easy to become a professional football player? I want to introduce you to my idol, the famous footballer Lionel Messi, and tell you about him.
Purpose: to determine the impact of football as a sport on human health and to learn about its history of origin, to interest peers in this sport.
Tasks: 1. To learn the history of football, to get acquainted with the biography of the famous football player Lionel Messi. 2. To prove the possibility of preserving and strengthening health by playing football. 3. Summarize the results.
Hypothesis: Passion for football contributes to the preservation and promotion of health. Scientists have proven that football helps to increase strength, reaction speed, improves bone growth and strength, affects the general condition of a person, increases endurance. The creation of an amateur football team will contribute to the development of football skills.
My task is to find out if it is difficult to learn how to play football without training using the example of one of the best football players in the world, Lionel Messi.
And now we will plunge into the history of football.
Chapter 1
1.1 The history of the origin and development of football
The exact date of the origin of football is not known, but it is safe to say that the history of football dates back more than one century and has affected many countries. Ball games have been popular on all continents, as evidenced by the ubiquitous finds of archaeologists. In ancient China, there was a game known as "Cuju", mentions of which were dated to the second century BC. According to FIFA in 2004, it is considered the most ancient of the predecessors of modern football.
In Japan, a similar game was called "Kemari" (in some sources, "Kenatt"). The first mention of Kemari occurs in 644 AD. Kamari is still played nowadays in Shinto shrines during festivals. In Australia, balls were made from the skins of rats, the bladders of large animals, and twisted hair. Unfortunately, the rules of the game have not been preserved.
In North America, there was also an ancestor of football, the game was called "pasuckuakohowog", which means "they gathered to play ball with their feet." Usually the games were held on the beaches, they tried to score the ball into a goal about half a mile wide, the field itself was twice as long. The number of participants in the game reached 1000 people.
1.2 Basic rules of football
The first rules of the game of football were introduced on December 7, 1863 by the Football Association of England. Today, the rules of football are set by the International Council of Football Associations (IFAB), which includes FIFA (4 votes), as well as representatives of the English, Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh football associations. The latest edition of the official football rules is dated June 1, 2013 and consists of 17 rules, here is a summary:
Each football team must consist of a maximum of eleven players (that's how many can be on the field at the same time), one of whom is the goalkeeper and he is the only player who is allowed to play with his hands within the penalty area at his gate.
A football match consists of two halves lasting 45 minutes each. There is a 15-minute rest break between the halves, after which the teams switch goals. This is done to ensure that the teams are on an equal footing. The football game is won by the team that scores the most goals against the opponent. If the teams finished the match with the same score of goals, then a draw is fixed, or two additional halves of 15 minutes are assigned. If extra time ends in a draw, a penalty shootout is awarded.
Penalty shootout rules in football.
An eleven-meter kick or penalty kick is the most serious punishment in football and is carried out from the appropriate mark. When making an 11-meter shot, the goalkeeper must be standing in the goal. The penalty shootout in football follows the following rules: teams carry out 5 shots at the opponent's goal from a distance of 11 meters, all shots must be carried out by different players. If the penalty score is equal after 5 shots, then the teams continue to shoot one pair of penalties each until the winner is revealed.
In order not to be offside, players must adhere to the following rules: it is forbidden to interfere in the game (touching the ball that was passed to him or touched by a teammate); it is forbidden to interfere with an opponent; it is forbidden to gain advantage due to their position (touching the ball that bounces off the post or crossbar of the goal, or from an opponent). Playing with the hand in football Football rules allow fielders to touch the ball with any part of their body except their hands. For playing with the hand, the team is awarded a free kick or an 11-meter kick, which is performed by a player of the opposing team. Two more very important points relate to the rules of playing with the hand in football: accidentally hitting the ball in the hand is not a violation of the rules; instinctive protection from the ball is not a violation of the rules.
Yellow and red cards.
Yellow and red cards are signs that the referee shows to the players for violating the rules and unsportsmanlike behavior. The yellow card is of a precautionary nature and is given to the player in the following cases: for intentional hand play; for prolonging time; for disrupting the attack; for hitting before the whistle / leaving the wall (free kick); for hitting after the whistle; for rough play; for unsportsmanlike conduct; for disputes with the referee; for simulation; for leaving or entering the game without the permission of the referee. A red card in football is shown by the referee for particularly gross violations or unsportsmanlike behavior. A player who receives a red card must leave the field before the end of the match.
The size of the football field and the marking line.
The standard field for big football is a rectangular area in which the goal lines (front lines) are necessarily shorter than the side lines. Next, we will look at the parameters of the football field. The size of a football field in meters is not clearly regulated, but there are certain boundary indicators. For national-level matches, the standard length of a football field from gate to gate should be between 90-120 meters and a width of 45-90 meters. The area of the football field ranges from 4050 m2 to 10800 m2.
A goal for football.
The gate is located exactly in the middle of the goal line. The standard size of the goal in football is as follows: the length or width of the goal in big football is the distance between the vertical posts (rods) — 7.73 meters; the height of the gate is the distance from the lawn to the crossbar – 2.44 meters. The diameter of the posts and the crossbar should not exceed 12 centimeters. The gates are made of wood or metal and painted white, and also have the shape of a rectangle, ellipse, square or circle in cross-section.
A soccer ball.
What kind of ball is played in football? A professional soccer ball consists of three main components: chambers, pads and tires. The camera is usually made of synthetic butyl or natural latex. The lining is the inner layer between the tire and the camera. The lining directly affects the quality of the ball. The thicker it is, the better the ball is. Usually the lining is made of polyester or pressed cotton. The tire consists of 32 synthetic waterproof pieces, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal.
Football ball size: circumference — 68-70 cm; weight – no more than 450 g. The speed of the ball in football reaches 200 km/h.
1.3 Leo Messi's childhood and career
Leo Messi was born on June 24, 1987 in the Argentine city of Rosario. Leo's father was an ordinary worker at a steel mill, and his mother worked part-time as a cleaner. Leo has two older brothers, Rodrigo and Mathias, and a sister, Maria Sol. Lionel Messi has Italian and Catalan roots.
Messi started playing football at the age of five at the amateur club Grandoli, where his grandmother brought him. No one else in the family supported Leo's interest in football.
Leo spent two years at Grandoli, where the team's coach first compared him to Diego Maradona. Messi preferred to decide the outcome alone, ignoring his teammates.
Club career: 18 years at Barca, leaving for PSG and leaving for the MLS.
Newells Old Boys.
At the age of seven, Messi found himself in the Newells Old Boys from his native Rosario. Leo played for the boys born in 1987 and scored more than 500 goals in six years with the team.
At the age of 10, Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. The treatment was expensive — 1,000 pesos per month. Leo's family struggled to cover the costs of therapy and asked for a loan from Newells Old Boys. The club was able to pay only 400 pesos.
Barcelona.
On September 17, 2000, Leo went to Barcelona for a screening, which was organized by agents from Rosario — Martin Montero and Fabian Soldini. Messi played at the screening with 15-year-old boys, even though he was 13. The club's sporting director, Carles Reszak, was impressed by the Argentinian's performance and convinced the Barca management to pay for Lionel's treatment and move to Catalonia.
Leo successfully played for Barcelona's youth teams and, together with Gerard Pique and Cesc Fabregas, received an offer from Arsenal in London. Leo refused, and his partners left for Foggy Albion.
After playing for the youth teams, Barcelona C and Barcelona B, Messi made his official debut for the main team in a match against Espanyol in 2004. Leo scored his first La Liga goal against Albacete at the age of 17 years, 10 months and 10 days, becoming the youngest player to excel in the Spanish championship.
During his first years at Barcelona, he managed to become an integral player in the starting line-up, and in the 2008/09 season, Messi won his first Treble and the Golden Ball with the club. He won the Golden Ball for the next three years and became the first player to receive this award four times in a row. In the 2011/12 season, Messi set a record for the most goals scored in a single season in the Spanish league, as well as in the whole of Europe.
Lionel Messi spent 18 years at Barcelona and won many team and individual awards. As a member of the blue-garnet Messi won the Spanish Championship 10 times, the Spanish Cup seven times, the Champions League four times and the UEFA Super Cup three times
Leaving for Paris Saint-Germain.
On August 10, 2021, Lionel Messi officially joined French PSG. With the club from Paris, the Argentine won the French championship twice, won the 2022 Super Cup and received the seventh Golden Ball.
At the end of the 2022/23 season, the forward left the French team. In total, the footballer played 75 matches for PSG, scored 32 goals and made 35 assists.
Departure to Inter Miami.
On July 15, Inter Miami announced the transfer of Messi. The 36-year-old signed a contract with the American club until December 31, 2025. On July 16, the presentation of the 2022 World Champion took place at the Drive Pink Stadium in Florida.
On the night of July 22, Messi made his debut for Inter Miami in the League Cup group stage match against Cruz Azul (2-1). The striker appeared on the field in the second half of the match. In the fourth added minute of the match, Messi scored his first goal for the team from a free kick and brought victory to the team from Florida.
International career.
Before playing his first game for the Argentina national youth team, Messi received an offer to play for the Spanish youth team, but declined it. As a member of the Argentine youth team, Leo managed to win bronze medals at the South American Youth Championship.
Messi made his debut in the main national team on August 4, 2005 in a friendly match against Hungary and was sent off two minutes after entering the field.
Lionel's first major tournament was the 2006 World Cup. In the first match of the tournament, Argentina faced the national team of Serbia and Montenegro. Leo entered the field in the 74th minute, scored a goal and made an assist.
As a member of the Argentine national team, Leo won the World Youth Championship in 2005, the Olympic Games in 2008, the America's Cup in 2021 and the Finalissima in 2022. In 2014, the Argentines, along with Messi, stopped one step away from winning the World Cup, losing in extra time to the German national team.
At the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, the Argentine national team still won the coveted trophy. Messi took part in all seven matches of his team. He has 7 goals and 3 assists to his credit. In the final of the world championship, he scored a double and made a shot in a series of 11-meter shots. As a result, Messi received the prize for the best football player in the world for the second time in his career — before that, he was awarded this award at the 2014 World Cup.
After winning in Qatar, Leo said that he was not going to end his international career.
Rivalry with Cristiano Ronaldo.
Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo are considered the best footballers of their generation. Leo has seven Golden Balls, Ronaldo has five. From 2009 to 2018, Messi and Ronaldo competed in the Spanish championship and often met face-to-face on the field as part of the el clasico.
The rivalry between Messi and Ronaldo goes beyond the football field. Popular brands of clothing, watches and motor oils use a powerful confrontation for advertising purposes.
Despite the rumors from the press, Messi and Ronaldo do not hate each other. Football players always greet each other warmly during football matches and other events.
Personal life.
Leo Messi is married to Antonella Rocuzzo, whom they have known since childhood. The couple has three sons: Tiago, Mateo and Ciro. Leo and Antonella have been in a relationship since 2008, but the wedding was played only nine years later — on June 30, 2017.
Lionel Messi today.
Lionel Messi turned 36 in 2023. He plays for the American Inter Miami and the Argentine national team, with which he won the 2022 World Cup in Qatar on December 18, 2022.
The contract agreement with Inter Miami is valid until the end of December 2025. Leo's salary at the club from the USA, according to various sources, is about 50-60 million euros per season.
Messi is considered the best scorer in the history of the Spanish championship, Barcelona, Inter Miami and the Argentine national team. He is an eight—time winner of the Golden Ball[b] and a six-time winner of the Golden Boot. A graduate of the Barcelona Academy, together with this club he won ten Spanish League titles, four UEFA Champions Leagues, seven Spanish Cups, eight Spanish Super Cups, three UEFA Super Cups and three World Club championships. Two-time French champion and winner of the French Super Cup with Paris Saint-Germain.
Chapter 2
2.1 Russian football teams and coaches
At the moment, there are such teams in Russia as:
Krasnodar — Murad Musaev;
Zenit - Sergey Semak;
Spartak - Deyan Stankovich;
Akron — Zaur Tedeev;
Krylia Sovetov - Igor Osinkin;
Dynamo (Makhachkala) — Hasanbi Bijiyev;
Khimki — Frank Artiga;
Fakel — Dmitry Pyatibratov;
Nizhny Novgorod — Sasha Ilich;
Akhmat - Sergey Tashuev;
Orenburg — David Deograsia.
Valery Karpin is also the head coach of the Russian national football team.
2.2 Creatingyourownfootballteam
I would like to create my own team. My team will consist of my classmates: Adamushkin, Baturin, Vitsebsky, Gromosevich, Evgenov, Zhelezanov, Zakharov, Konakov, Krasilshchikov, Kuzmin, Loginov.
I will be one of the players in midfield. Every day we meet on the field and train our endurance, stress resistance and our strength.
To develop endurance, stress tolerance, and ball possession, we perform exercises such as:
Interval running training. A combination of short periods of high intensity with periods of active rest or low intensity. Example: running at high speed for 30 seconds, followed by light running or active rest for 1-2 minutes.
Long running workouts. Moderate-intensity long-distance running. Example: running a distance of 3 to 10 km at a moderate speed.
They include exercises with their own weight, as well as using dumbbells and simulators, aimed at developing muscle strength and endurance. Examples: push-ups, pull-ups, barbell squats, soccer, etc.
Long mini-matches in a limited space.
Guiding the ball with a snake. The child circles the ball between the cones, developing coordination and control.
Hitting a stationary ball. The exercise helps to master the correct striking technique.
"Catch the ball." The coach throws the ball, and the child must stop it with his foot or chest.
In the future, I would like to develop more and more in this direction. And in the future, still come to your goal - to create your own football team!
Krasilshchikov and Zakharov - forwards, Gromosevic - lp, Baturin - cap, Konakov - pp, Kuzmin - lz, Loginov - pz, Bocharov - tsz, Adamushkin - tsz, Baranikhin - tsz, Vitebsk - gp.
I conducted a survey among my friends and classmates. 14 people took part in the survey. To answer the first question, most of the guys know a sport like football. The guys also like football, which is 84%. 59% of people answered that they know how to play football by all the rules. 86% noted that playing football, you develop endurance, determination, and strengthen your health. After reviewing the diagrams, we can conclude that football is a very well-known sport and by doing it, we strengthen all the qualities inherent in a real man.
Based on the results obtained, we found that most schoolchildren play football.
Conclusion
We found out that football is a favorite and exciting game for many children and adults. Playing football means working as a member of a group, going through ups and downs together, supporting and helping others. At the same time, a team spirit is created and fun is spent. Among other advantages, it is also possible to highlight the improvement of physical qualities, the upbringing of such character traits as creative activity, responsibility, and purposefulness. Football increases flexibility and endurance, thinking skills on the go, improved concentration, perseverance, self-discipline, responsibility and patience.
By taking part in football matches at least once a week, you can see the benefits, that is, to stay healthy all the time and just spend interesting time with friends.
Conclusion
After doing this research, we came to the conclusion that becoming a professional football player is not an easy path, but it's worth it! Playing football improves health and boosts the body's immune system. Football also teaches respect for rivals, instills mutual assistance and a sense of responsibility. Systematic training helps to develop physical qualities such as agility, speed, strength and endurance. In addition, football is a great break from school for children.
Literature and sources
1. A large encyclopedia of sports for schoolchildren and students.
2. Moscow: OLMA Media Group, 2007.
3. The Big Encyclopedia of Football – Chris Hunt. Moscow: AST, 2008.
4. Wikipedia — free encyclopedia
5. Gifford K. Encyclopedia of football. Football. Superstars and famous games, translated by Milushov I.G. – Moscow: AST, 2018.