III Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

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ИСЧЕЗАЮЩИЕ ВИДЫ ФАУНЫ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ

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Тарасова В.А. 1Имхасина А.Х. 1

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1ГБОУ СОШ №291 г. Санкт-Петербурга

Савинова Л.М. 1

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1ГБОУ СОШ №291

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We live in Saint-Petersburg, one of the biggest cities in the Baltic region. It is also one of the largest ports of the Baltic Sea.

At school we often talk about ecology at the lessons or in the after-school activities, so we know that sea-, air - and land- pollution is one of the most important problems for all countries on our planet. We live on the shore of the Finnish Gulf, that’s why we decided to research the ecological problems of the Baltic. Reading books about nature and watching films about wildlife we see, that there are a lot of endangered animals and birds in the world. We tried to find out, what endangered fish and animals lived in the Baltic. Of course, we are interested in a question: How can people help them?

We asked our classmates the following questions:

1. Which of these fish and animals live in the Baltic Sea?

According to our survey, most of our students (67%) can name more than four inhabitants of the sea. Almost third of them think that only a seal lives in the sea. Summing it up, our students are interested in the nature and wildlife of the region.

1. What endangered animals and fish of the Baltic Sea do you know?

Our survey showed that more than a half of the students knew a seal as one of the endangered animals of the sea. About one third named more than three fish and animals that are endangered now. 20% of them believed that people should save the harbor porpoise.

Aims of our project:

• to learn more about the environmental problems of the region;

• to make an encyclopedia of the endangered fish and animals of the Baltic Sea;

• to tell our classmates and schoolmates what animals and fish are becoming extinct now;

• to find some advice how to improve the situation in the region.

To reach our aims we researched:

1. the ecological situation of the Baltic

2. the causes of environmental disaster in the Baltic sea

3. what fish and animals are endangered now

4. how to save the inhabitants

We think this research is very important for our classmates and other students of school. They should know more about our region, use environmentally friendly things in daily life and not to hurt the nature and animals.

Our project can be used by the teachers of our school during the lessons or in after-school activities. We also can tell the learners of the elementary school about the Baltic Sea, its inhabitants.

Ecological education is extremely important today.

Geography of the Baltic Sea.

The Baltic Sea is a northern semi-enclosed sea and the largest brackish water body in the world. Its catchment area is 1,633,290 km2, four times the area of the sea itself, which is 392,978 km2.

The Baltic Sea is the youngest sea of our planet. It’s only 10.000 years old. It’s located in the north-eastern part of Europe. It is the sea of the Atlantic Ocean. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdansk. The Baltic is the largest brackish water system in the world. It is unique in that there are areas where freshwater; brackish water and marine species are all present. Unfortunately, the Baltic Sea is the dirtiest sea on our planet.

The Sea surrounds the coast of nine European countries and has about 80 million people living around the Sea. Sweden has the longest coast among other countries of the Baltic Sea region: about 3,2 thousand km of the total 8 thousand km of the Baltic coast length. Finland has the second place – its length of the Baltic coast is equal 1,1 thousand km. Other countries included in the Baltic region are: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Every year, the date March 22 is celebrated as Day of the Baltic Sea by a decision of Helsinki Commission (HELCOM). The Baltic Sea is an example of eco-geographical whole, when environmental challenges of the Baltic may be solved with participation of all countries.

Ecology of the Baltic Sea

We found out that: In our Baltic region there are nine countries - Russia, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany and Denmark. About 80 million people live there. An important point is that there are lots of big industrial cities lying on the Baltic coast in which people suffer from the waste pollution covering sea water, soil and air. Industrial-household waste products and waste products of agriculture, oil and oil products, artificial radionuclides from nuclear plant engineering causes the basic part of water pollution. Heavy metals are entered in the Baltic Sea waters with an atmospheric precipitation.

One of the main ecological problems is connected with significant radioactive pollution of the sea as a result of Chernobyl accident in 1986.

There is a lot of the old weapon on the sea bottom since the First and Second World Wars. There are a lot of sunken ships there. During the Wars, a lot of bombs were dropped into the sea, some of them were toxic. By an average estimation at the bottom of the Baltic Sea there are 267 thousand tons of bombs, shells and mines. There are more than 50 thousand tons of fighting poison gases inside of them.

A lot of cargo ships, tankers, numerous tourist routes, active fishing make the Sea one of the busiest seas in the world. It harms the sea and its inhabitants, of course. The Baltic Sea has been polluted with oil for many years. The air temperature in the Baltic Sea region is growing .Temperature may rise by 4-6 degrees. This will be a big problem Baltic Sea and its inhabitants.

Wildlife

The number of species in the Baltic Sea is much lower than in other seas, such as the North Sea. This lower diversity is mainly due to three factors: the difficult salinity conditions, the short history of the sea in its current form and the lack of intertidal shores and great depths. The brackish water and large temperature range create a challenging environment. Both marine and freshwater species experience difficulties when faced with the brackish water of the Baltic Sea.

The Baltic Sea is very different from other seas of our planet, as the level of salinity of the water in it does not exceed 7-8%. Very low level of salinity has led to the fact that along with the marine fish in the Baltic Sea thrive and river.

Some inhabitants of the Baltic Sea: 1 – filamentous algae, 2 – isopode Idotea baltica, 3 – sandhopper, 4 – lamellar algae, 5 – sea acorn, 6 – opossum shrimp, 7 – pike, 8 – perch, 9 – oligochaete worm, 10 – blue mussel, 11 – plankton, 12 – ulvae algae, 13 – crayfish, 14 – plat fish (flounder), 15 – bivalve mollusk, 16 – soft shell clam, 17 – gastropod, 18 – common sandpiper, 19 – Saduria entomon, 20 – Macoma baltica, 21 – isopod, 22 – polychaete worm, 23– reed, 24 – round goby, 25 – cod

The adult size of many species in the Baltic Sea is much smaller than elsewhere. Marine examples of species of smaller adult size are the Pacific blue mussel (photo 1) and the sea lace (photo 2); freshwater examples are the greater pond snail (photo 3) and many fish such as perch, pike and vendace.

In our sea there are freshwater fish such as:

• perch, pike, bream, whitefish, grayling, roach, gudgeon, perch and ruff;

In our sea there are marine fish such as:

• cod, mackerel, many types of herring and even flounder, gobies, sea trout and eelpout.

• In the Baltic Sea are many different types of algae.

Most of all there green algae.

There are a lot of species you can find on the shore, on the bottom, in water.

The ecological situation in the Baltic region is very dangerous, so you can find a lot of the species in the list of endangered inhabitants.

Endangered fish and animals of the Baltic Sea

According to estimates of the Finnish scientists in the Baltic sea are endangered 4% of the total numbers of animals. 1752 species are threatened with extinction.

Causes of extinction

All the results in complex pollution of the Baltic Sea waters there is the distraction of its biodiversity, and degradation of natural environment.

Because of chemical pollution, the seaweed has been grown up quickly in the water. They don’t let oxygen to the bottom, so without it plants die, fish don’t have enough food. It is believed that the one third part of a bottom of the Baltic Sea suffers from serious lack of oxygen. As a result of this, it destroys food for zooplankton and fish.

Fish and animals are poisoned with toxic waste dumping into the sea by plants, factories, farms etc.

The fish in the Baltic Sea influence the whole marine ecosystem and the fisheries management is therefore key, not only for the fishing industry but also for the status of the marine ecosystem in general. The Baltic Sea fisheries are far from sustainable. There is a problem of pirate fishing, too.

How can people help the Sea and its wildlife of the Baltic Sea?

Massive blooms of blue-green algae, excessive growths of seaweed on shores and slimed fishing nets are all signs of eutrophication. Invasive alien species and the increasing density of shipping traffic, including huge oil tankers, also threaten our sensitive shores and islands. Without your help, the unique brackish waters of the Baltic will remain in danger.

The state of Baltic Sea is worsened by pollution from our homes, traffic, food production and industries. Climate change is increasing the amounts of nutrients entering the sea in runoff from the surrounding land.

The future of the Baltic Sea is not only in the hands of politicians. Even small actions count, and every one of us can help.

The Baltic Sea is one of the most threatened marine ecosystems on the planet. Decades of human activity in and around the sea continue to negatively impact its sensitive environment.

The Baltic Sea is one of the planet’s largest bodies of brackish water. A delicate mixture of salt water from the North East Atlantic and fresh water from surrounding rivers and streams blends in a highly sensitive and interdependent marine ecosystem, giving rise to unique flora and fauna. But these special qualities also make it vulnerable.

There are a lot of project that try to protect the sea. For example, the MARELITT project, launched in 2016. It covers the entire Baltic Sea and aims to further develop new environmentally sound exploration and retrieval methods for nets. The project which is supported by the EU also focuses on how to process and recycle these nets in cooperation with partners from 5 countries.

One of the most important projects is the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992 (Helsinki Convention). It is an international convention encompassing various measures for the prevention and elimination of pollution of the Baltic Sea.

For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around an entire sea were made subject to a single convention, signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. In the light of political changes and developments in international environmental and maritime law, a new convention was signed in 1992 by all the states. The Convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters and the water of the sea itself, as well as the seabed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution. The aim of the States-Parties to the Convention is to prevent and eliminate pollution of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea Area caused by harmful substances from all sources, including:

• from land-based sources;

• from ships;

• from incineration and dumping;

• from exploration and exploitation on the seabed.

Breakthrough of nutrient recycling is an ecosystem of business clusters. It is a symbiotic partnership network, created to help and coordinate partners in their efforts to create sustainable and competitive business models around nutrient recycling and management.

We should:

• develop the cooperation and study the experience of public environmental organizations and eco-schools of Nordic countries;

• try to solve problems that are preventing environmental measures to be put into practice in the farm level;

• reduce nitrogen loss from livestock production by promoting the use of slurry acidification techniques in the Baltic Sea Region;

• promote the usage of recycled fertilizers;

• use fertilizers sparingly in garden, and use natural fertilizers instead of artificial products;

• avoid using unnecessary pesticides;

• use water sparingly.

Conclusion

So, to sum it up, there are a lot of problems in the Baltic Sea region because of human activity. People should think of the ecological situation and try to help improve it.

An important point is that at kindergarten and schools kids, children and teens must be taught how to behave environmental friendly.

We made the ENCYCLOPAEDIA to help our classmates and schoolmates get information about endangered fish and mammals of the Baltic region: https://youtu.be/DufyQ2Fh9VQ

Источники:

1. География Балтийского моря. Электронный документ. URL: https://geographyofrussia.com/baltijskoe-more-2/

2. Информация о состоянии Балтийского моря. Электронный документ. URL: http://www.o8ode.ru/article/planetwa/ezze/balticsea.htm

3. PROTECTING THE BALTIC SEA – WHAT CAN I DO?. Электронный документ. URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/report_2002_0524_154909/regional-seas-around-europe/page141.html

4. THE MAIN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE BALTIC SEA AND THE WAYS OF ITS RESOLVING. Электронный документ. URL: http://ielpetitabc.narod.ru/olderfiles/1/Mosin_Eq.doc

5. “STUDY THE BALTIC SEA” textbook for students. Project is funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers within the Programme for non-governmental organizations of the Nordic countries and North-West Russia, Edited by: D.P. Filippenko, 2015

6. Helsinki Convention. Электронный документ. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_the_Baltic_Sea_Area

7. ​​BSAG JOINS PROJECTS THAT WILL RESULT IN A HEALTHIER BALTIC SEA. Электронный документ. URL: http://www.bsag.fi/Projects.html

8. Информация о балтийской кольчатой нерпе. Электронный документ. URL: http://animalreader.ru/kolchataya-nerpa.html

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12. Информация о балтийской кольчатой нерпе. Электронный документ. URL: https://vk.com/away.php?to=http%3A%2F%2Fmegaribolov.ru%2Findex.php%2Fentsiklopediya-rybolova%2Fryby-krasnoj-knigi%2Fkrasnaya-kniga-rossii%2F1074-finta-atlanticheskaya-lat-alosa-fallax-podvid-fallax

13. Информация об атлантической финте. Электронный документ. URL: https://vk.com/away.php?to=http%3A%2F%2Fmegaribolov.ru%2Findex.php%2Fentsiklopediya-rybolova%2Fryby-krasnoj-knigi%2Fkrasnaya-kniga-rossii%2F1074-finta-atlanticheskaya-lat-alosa-fallax-podvid-fallax

14. Информация о морской свинье. Электронный документ. URL: https://vk.com/away.php?utf=1&to=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FASCOBANS

15. Информация о кумже. Электронный документ. URL: https://vk.com/away.php?utf=1&to=http%3A%2F%2Fwildlife.by%2Fnode%2F27294

16. photo 1 https://cdn4.img.sputniknews.com/images/104583/44/1045834485.jpg

17. photo 2 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chorda_filum_Crouan.jpg/220px-Chorda_filum_Crouan.jpg

18. photo 3http://www.moonfern.co.uk/images/2009_0719websnails0008.jpg

19. photo 4http://animalia-life.club/data_images/yellow-perch/yellow-perch2.jpg

20. photo 5 http://www2.dnr.cornell.edu/cek7/nyfish/Esocidae/northern_pike.jpg

21. photo 6 http://s3.thingpic.com/images/1w/jYgvjjvuCUsG4W2bptQc9Z1p.jpeg

22. photo 7 http://www.inter.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/folios/01163/images/atlantic-sturgeon.jpg

23. photo 8 https://nation-news.ru/uploads/2016/06/08/orig-710x3991465411084semgalososryba-1465411177.jpg

24. photo 9 http://www.ua.all.biz/img/ua/catalog/middle/2335114.jpeg

25. photo 10 http://d3gg9vbfoftgha.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Round-Goby.jpg

26. photo 11 http://chistayarossia.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/загруженное-201-300x111.jpg

27. photo 12 http://www.askpins.com/pics/1038/is-a-seal-a-reptile-or-amamal.jpg

28. photo 13 https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-ACmSfQxO9Pc/TWxbWaeOjCI/AAAAAAAABLI/XcaX2dNpBCA/s1600/Grey_seal_Halichoerus_grypus_young.jpg

29. photo 14 http://www.liveanimalslist.com/mammals/images/ringed-seal.jpg

30. photo 15 http://www.krasfun.ru/images/2014/1/61740_0_a7a0e_c1723c2_orig.jpg

31. Threats to the Baltic Sea. Электронный документ. URL: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/baltic/threats/

32. PROTECTING THE BALTIC SEA – WHAT CAN I DO?. Электронный документ. URL: https://www.johnnurmisensaatio.fi/en/clean-baltic-sea-projects/about-clean-baltic-sea-projects/protecting-the-baltic-sea-what-can-i-do/

33. Baltic Sea needs more protection. Электронный документ. URL:

http://ecological-problems.blogspot.ru/2011/12/baltic-sea-needs-more-protection.html