V Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся
Старт в науке
International words in the Russian and English languages
Автор работы награжден дипломом победителя II степени
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International Words in the Russian and English Languages
Introduction
Expanding global contacts and the development of mass media, especially the Internet, result in the considerable growth of international vocabulary. All languages depend for their changes upon the cultural and social matrix in which they operate and various contacts between nations are part of this matrix reflected in vocabulary. International words play an especially prominent part in various terminological systems including the vocabulary of science, industry and art. The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture.
The research question:to find out the percentage of international words used in the Lifestyle-Politics category via analysis of the news article.
The objectives of this research are:
to identify the difference between internationalisms and cognates
to study the origin of some international words
to design an educational wall poster on the top ten words in the Lifestyle-Politics category.
Topicality of the project
The percentage of internationalisms in the news articles and in the scientific texts is rather high, e.g. according to some linguists, in the Russian vocabulary there are more than 10 per cent of international words. They are the most easily recognizable and perceived when reading these kinds of texts. The study of international words and their origin can be very useful for those who are interested in politics and science.
Definitions
Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].
Cognate - A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].
Background information
One of the first linguists to pay attention to the existence of some similar words in European languages was Antoine Meillet, a French linguist of the early 20th century, one of the most influential comparative linguists of his time. He steadily emphasized that any attempt to account for linguistic change must recognize that language is a social phenomenon. He supported the use of an international auxiliary language and at the beginning of the 20h century he studied the origin of some international words. A lot of internationalisms were considered to have originated from Latin and Greek.
The cross-linguistic influence was the subject of investigation of Lev Shcherba, a Russian linguist and lexicographer specializing in phonetics and phonology.
Uriel Weinreich, a Polish-American linguist, first noted that learners of second languages consider linguistic forms from their first language equal to forms in the target language. However, the essential inequality of these forms leads to speech which the native speakers of the target language consider unequal.
Einar Haugen, Armin Schwegler, А.А. Bukov, L.A. Tarasova and some other linguists made a contribution to the study of cross-linguistic influence.
The rate of change in technology, political, social and artistic life has been greatly accelerated in the 20th century and so has the rate of growth of international word stock. A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will suffice to illustrate the importance of international vocabulary: algorithm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome, etc.
Nowadays a great number of English words are to be found among the internationalisms e.g. bank, business, consult, design, disk, drive, hit, man, market, media, net, style, test etc. The English vocabulary penetrates into other languages. We find numerous English words in the field of sport: football, out, match, tennis, volley-ball, basketball, cricket, golf, time in different parts of the world.It is due to the prestigious of the English language and its status of a global language.
Internationalisms vs Cognates
In the 1950th it was decided to differentiate the internationalisms and the cognates. It was stated that the word could be described as international if:
no fewer than three languages use it.
its spelling and pronunciation is completely or partly similar in different languages so that the word is understandable between the different languages.
its meaning is the same in different languages.
So, Internationalism – or international word in linguistics is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in ‘several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source’ [http://en.academic.ru/].
European internationalisms originate primarily from Latin or Greek, but from other languages as well. Many non-European words have also become international, often by the way of one or more European languages.
Internationalisms often spread together with the innovations they designate. Accordingly, there are semantic fields of internationalisms that are dominated by specific languages, e.g. the computing vocabulary which is mainly English with internationalisms such as computer, disk, spam. New inventions, political institutions, food stuffs, leisure activities, science, and technological advances have all generated new lexemes and continue doing it.
Internationalisms are often spread by speakers of one language living in geographical regions where other languages are spoken.
In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term
derives from the Latin cognatus (blood relative).
Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English starve and Dutch sterven or German sterben ("to die"); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, *sterbaną ("die"). English dish and German Tisch ("table"), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latin discus, but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings.
Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms: e.g., English father, French père, and Armenian hayr all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.
So, Cognate - A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word [ http://en.wiktionary.org/ ].
Analysis of the News Article
The following article is taken from the CNN official site (homepage). The underlined words can be described either as internationalisms or cognates. Some of them are proper names, geographical names or numerals.
Ukraine crisis centerstage as Obama, EU leaders meet in Belgium
By Laura Smith-Spark, CNN
March 26, 2014 -- Updated 1243 GMT (2043 HKT)
(CNN)-- The rapidly unfolding crisis in Ukraine is set to be the focus of talks between U.S. PresidentBarack Obama and European Union leaders Wednesday in Brussels, Belgium.
Russia's formal annexation last week of Ukraine's Crimea region has sparked the biggest East-West confrontation since the end of the Cold War.
Meanwhile, Moscow's massing of troops near Ukraine's eastern borders has worried the interim government in Kiev, as well as causing ripples of concern in other former Soviet republics that now belong to the EU and NATO.
Wednesday's EU-U.S. summit in Brussels comes on the heels of talks on the sidelines of a nuclear security summit in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Obama will also meet with NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen while in Brussels.
Speaking at The Hague on Tuesday, Obama said Russia had a way out of tensions over the crisis: Negotiate with Kiev and be prepared to "act responsibly" and respond to international norms, such as respecting Ukraine's territorial integrity.
If Russia doesn't act responsibly, "there will be additional costs" that could hurt the global economy but will affect Russia most of all, Obama said.
The U.S. president said Russia's annexation of Crimea "is not a done deal" because it's not internationally recognized.
But he acknowledged that the Russian military controls Crimea, and said the world can make sure, through diplomacy and sanctions, that Russia pays a price.
Ukraine: We need support
Russia insists its actions are legitimate and denies having used its armed forces in Crimea, saying the troops that took control of key installations were local "self-defense" forces.
Russia also insists the government in Kiev is illegitimate because ousted President ViktorYanukovych, a close ally of Moscow's, was forced out in an armed coup. Yanukovych's ouster followed months of street protests sparked by his decision to ditch an EU trade deal in favor of closer ties to Russia.
In an interview Tuesday with PBS, acting Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk said Ukraine is struggling to maintain a fighting capability after it was "deliberately dismantled" under Yanukovych.
"What we need is support from the international community. We need technology and military support to overhaul the Ukrainian military and modernize -- to be ready not just to fight, but to be ready to win," Yatsenyuk said.
With an estimated 30,000 Russian troops now positioned near Ukraine's eastern border, Yatsenyuk repeated his pledge to defend Ukrainian territory.
His government ceded Crimea without a shot to demonstrate to the world that Russia was the aggressor, he said -- but if Moscow moves against another portion of Ukraine, the duty of all Ukrainians is "to protect our country," he said. "We will fight."
Moscow tightens grip
The United States and EU are seeking to exert pressure on Russia through a combination of sanctions and diplomatic isolation.
But Moscow has so far doggedly pursued its own course, even as Western leaders have denounced its actions as violations of Ukraine's sovereignty and a breach of international law.
Amid heightened tensions within Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry on Wednesday accused the Ukrainianborderservice of refusing to let air crew off Aeroflot jets for rest periods after landing in Ukraine. Aeroflot is the Russian national carrier.
This "breaks the international acts in compliance with flight safety requirements," the ministry said in an online statement.
Meanwhile, Russia is tightening its grip on Crimea.
Crimea belonged to Russia until 1954 when it was given to Ukraine, which was then part of the SovietUnion. The region has a majority ethnic Russian population and other historic ties to Russia.
A large majority of its population voted in favor of joining Russia in a controversial referendum 10 days ago. Russian lawmakers in turn swiftly voted to absorb the Black Sea peninsula, where Russia has a major naval base, into the Russian Federation, and President Vladimir Putin signed the treaty into law.
In another step to cement the process, the vice-speaker of the Crimean parliament, Sergei Tsekov, was made a senator in Russia's upper house Wednesday, Russia's state-run ITAR-Tass news agencyreported.
At the same time, Kiev has ordered the withdrawal of Ukrainian armed forces from Crimea, citing Russian threats to the lives of military staff and their families effectively yielding the region to Moscow's forces. They stormed one of Kiev's last bases there Monday.
Aleksey Chaly, often referred to as Sevastopol's new de facto mayor, announced Tuesday the dismissal of all "self-defense" teams, saying the "enemy" was now gone, as no forces loyal to Kiev remain in the city.
"I would like to draw the attention of some commanders of the self-defense units to the fact that the revolution is over," he said in a video published on YouTube. "This week, federal agencies are being established, and we're beginning to live by the laws of the Russian Federation."
The G7 group of leading industrialized countries has condemned both the Crimean vote to secede and Russia's annexation of Crimea. As a result, Russia has now been excluded from what was the G8.
Total: 859 words
Internationalisms Appendix I
|
word |
translation |
origin |
definition |
|||
|
1 |
aggressor (1) |
агрессор, нападающая сторона |
from late Latin aggredi - атака |
a person or country that attacks another first |
||
|
2 |
agency (1) |
агентство |
from medieval Latin agentia - агентство |
a business or organization providing a particular service on behalf of another business, person, or group |
||
|
3 |
annexation (3) |
аннексия |
from Latin annexus – соединение |
the action of appropriating something, especially territory |
||
|
4 |
action (2) |
акция, действие |
from Latin actio(n-) - действие |
the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim |
||
|
5 |
centre (1) |
центр |
from Latin centrum, from Greek kentron, центр |
the point from which an activity or process is directed, or on which it is focused |
||
|
6 |
commander (1) |
командир |
from Old French comandeor, from late Latin commandare - командир |
a person in authority, especially over a body of troops or a military operation |
||
|
7 |
combination (1) |
комбинация |
from late Latin combinatio(n-) – объединение |
the process of combiningdifferent parts or qualities or the state of being combined |
||
|
8 |
confrontation (1) |
конфронтация |
from medieval Latin confrontare – сопоставлять, сравнивать |
a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties |
||
|
9 |
control (2) |
контроль |
from medieval Latin contrarotulare – копиясвитка |
the power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events |
||
|
10 |
crisis (3) |
кризис |
from ancient Greek κρίσις — решение, поворотный пункт |
any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or whole society |
||
|
11 |
de facto (2) |
фактический, реальный |
from Latin, literally 'of fact' |
in fact, whether by right or not |
||
|
12 |
demonstrate (1) |
демонстрировать |
from Latin demonstrat -шоу |
clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence |
||
|
13 |
diplomatic (1) |
дипломатический |
from Greek diplōma, --atis– официальное письмо, грамота |
of or concerning diplomacy |
||
|
14 |
effectively (1) |
эффективно |
from Latin ‘efficere ' accomplish |
In such a manner as to achieve a desired result |
||
|
15 |
federal (1) |
федеральный |
from Latin foedus - договор |
having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs |
||
|
16 |
federation (2) |
федерация |
from late Latin foederatio(n-), from the verb foederare 'to ally', from foedus 'league'. |
a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs |
||
|
17 |
focus (1) |
фокус |
from Latin focus – очаг, центр |
the centre of interest or activity |
||
|
18 |
formal (1) |
формальный |
from Latin formalis – формальный |
done in accordance with convention or etiquette |
||
|
19 |
General (1) |
генеральный |
from Latin generalis – всеобщий |
chief or principal |
||
|
20 |
global (1) |
глобальный |
from Latin globus - шар |
relating to the whole world; worldwide |
||
|
21 |
group (1) |
группа |
from French groupe, from Italian gruppo - группа |
a number of people or things that are located, gathered, or classed together |
||
|
22 |
industrialize (1) |
индустриализировать |
from French industriel - промышленные |
develop industries in (a country or region) on a wide scale |
||
|
23 |
installation (1) |
инсталляция |
from medieval Latin installare - устанавливать |
The action of installing someone or something, or the state of being installed |
||
|
24 |
integrity (1) |
интеграция - связанность |
from Latin integritas – сохранность, нетронутость |
the state of being whole and undivided |
||
|
25 |
international (5) |
интернациональный |
from French inter – между, national - национальный |
agreed on by all or many nations |
||
|
26 |
interview (1) |
интервью |
from French entrevue - встреча |
a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation. |
||
|
27 |
isolation (1) |
изоляция |
mid 19th century: from isolate, partly on the pattern of French isolation - изоляция |
the process or fact of being apart from others |
||
|
28 |
leader (3) |
лидер |
from English lead – вести за собой |
the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country |
||
|
29 |
legitimate (2) |
легитимный |
from Latin legitimus - законный |
conforming to the law or to rules |
||
|
30 |
local (1) |
локальный |
from late Latin localis - местный |
relating or restricted to a particular area or one’s neighbourhood. |
||
|
31 |
military (4) |
милитаристский, военный |
from French militaire or Latin militaris - военный |
relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces |
||
|
32 |
ministry (2) |
министерство |
from Latin ministerium – служба, должность |
a government department headed by a minister |
||
|
33 |
modernize (1) |
модернизировать |
from late Latin modernus - современность |
adapt (something) to modern needs or habits, typically by installing modern equipment or adoptingmodern ideas or methods |
||
|
34 |
norm (1) |
норма |
from Latin norma - правило |
a standard or pattern, especially of social behavior |
||
|
35 |
online (1) |
available on or performed using the Internet or other computer network: |
||||
|
36 |
parliament (1) |
парламент |
from Old French parlement 'speaking', from the verb parler |
the highest legislature |
||
|
37 |
period (1) |
период |
via Latin from Greek periodos - период |
a length or portion of time |
||
|
38 |
President (4) |
президент |
from Latin praesident – 'sitting before' – председательствующий |
the elected head of a republican state |
||
|
39 |
Prime Minister (1) |
премьер-министр |
from Latin primus- первый, minister –служитель, соратник |
the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state |
||
|
40 |
position (1) |
позиция, положение |
from Old French, from Latin positio -положение |
a place where someone or something is located or has been put |
||
|
41 |
process (1) |
процесс |
from Latin processus 'progression, course' - прогресс |
a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end |
||
|
42 |
protest (1) |
протест |
from Latin protestari - утверждение |
a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something |
||
|
43 |
referendum (1) |
референдум |
mid 19th century: from Latin, gerund ( 'referring') or neuter gerundive ( 'something to be brought back or referred') of referre |
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision |
||
|
44 |
region (3) |
регион |
from Latin regio(n-) ' – регион |
an administrative district of a city or country |
||
|
45 |
republic (1) |
республика |
from Latin respublica, from res – суть+publicus – народ |
a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives |
||
|
46 |
result (1) |
результат |
from medieval Latin resultare - отражаться |
a thing that is caused or produced by something else; a consequence or outcome |
||
|
47 |
revolution (1) |
революция |
from Old French, or from late Latin revolutio(n-) - революция |
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system |
||
|
48 |
sanctions (2) |
санкции |
from Latin sanctio(n-) - санкция |
measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation |
||
|
49 |
Secretary (1) |
Секретарь |
from late Latin secretarius – пользующийся доверием чиновник |
an official in charge of a US government department |
||
|
50 |
security (1) |
секьюрити |
from Latin secures – безопасный, надежный |
the safety of a state or organization. |
||
|
51 |
senator (1) |
сенатор |
from Latin senator |
a member of a senate |
||
|
52 |
Soviet (2) |
советский |
early 20th century: from Russian совет – орган государственной власти в СССР |
of or concerning the former Soviet Union |
||
|
53 |
sovereignty (1) |
суверенитет |
from Old French sovereinete – суверенитет |
the authority of a state to govern itself or another state |
||
|
54 |
summit (2) |
саммит |
From Latin summum, neuter of summus – высочайший, главный |
a meeting between heads of government |
||
|
55 |
technology (1) |
технология |
from Greek tekhnologia - технология |
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry |
||
|
56 |
territory (2) |
территория |
from Latin territorium – территория, область |
of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea |
||
|
57 |
vice-speaker (1) |
вице-спикер |
from Old English sprecan |
The presiding officer in a legislative assembly, especially the House of Commons |
||
|
58 |
video (1) |
видео |
from Latin videre - видеть |
the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images |
The number of internationalisms found in the text – 58. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of international words in the text is – 86, i.e. 10 per cent.
Cognates Appendix II
|
word |
translation |
origin |
definition |
|
|
1 |
absorb (1) |
абсорбировать, впитывать, поглощать |
from Latin absorbere, from ab- 'from' + sorbere 'suck in' - впитывать |
take control of (a smaller or less powerful entity) and make it a part of a larger one |
|
2 |
act (1) |
акт, соглашение |
from Latin actus 'event, thing done' |
a thing done; a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body |
|
3 |
base (2) |
база |
from Latin basis 'base, pedestal' |
A place used as a centre of operations by the armed forces or others; a headquarters |
|
border service |
пограничная служба |
a branch of State Security Service tasked with patrol of the state border |
||
|
4 |
border (3) |
бордюр, граница |
from Old French bordeure - край |
a line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other areas |
|
5 |
service (1) |
сервис |
from Latin servitium – рабство |
a public department or organization run by the state |
|
6 |
breach (1) |
брешь, нарушение закона |
from Old French breche -нарушать |
an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct |
|
7 |
cement (1) |
цементировать, скреплять |
from Latin caedere - высекать |
to settle or establish firmly |
|
centerstage |
основная позиция, положение |
(mainly journalism) a position in which someone or something is attracting a lot of attention |
||
|
8 |
stage (1) |
стадия, период, этап |
based on Latin stare – стоять. Current senses of the verb date from the early 17th century. |
a scene of action or forum of debate, especially in a particular political context |
|
9 |
community (1) |
коммуна, сообщество |
from Old French comunete - сообщество |
the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities; society |
|
10 |
сontroversial (1) |
контроверсивный, спорный, противоречивый |
from late Latin controversialis – относящийсякспору |
giving rise to public disagreement |
|
11 |
course (1) |
курс |
from Latin cursus- курс |
the way in which something progresses or develops |
|
12 |
ethnic (1) |
этничский |
from Greek ethnos 'nation' |
relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition |
|
13 |
favor (2) |
фавор, протекция |
from Latin favor - доброжелательность |
approval, support, or liking for someone or something: |
|
14 |
historic (1) |
исторический |
via Latin from Greek historikos |
famous or important in history, or potentially so |
|
15 |
mayor (1) |
мэр |
from the Latin adjective major 'greater', used as a noun in late Latin. |
the head of a town |
|
16 |
portion (1) |
порция |
from Old French porcion, from Latin portio - часть |
a part of something divided between people |
|
17 |
publish (1) |
публиковать |
from Latin publicare 'make public |
print (something) in a book or journal so as to make it generally known |
|
18 |
report (1) |
сообщать |
from Latin reportare 'bring back' |
give a spoken or written account of something |
|
19 |
respect (1) |
респект, уважение |
From Latin respectus – уважение |
avoid harming or interfering with |
|
20 |
respond (1) |
отвечать, респондент –отвечающий |
from Latin respondere – отвечать |
say something in reply |
The number of cognates found in the text – 20. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of cognates in the text is – 24, i.e. about 3 per cent.
The definitions of some Russian words were taken from the following dictionaries:
Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006.
РЕСПОНДЕНТ- соц. лицо, отвечающее на анкету социологического, демографического или психологического исследования.
САММИТ - полит. встреча, переговоры глав государств; встреча в верхах.
СЕКЬЮРИТИ — государственная безопасность; контрразведка (обычно об англосаксонских странах).
Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.
БОРДЮР (франц. bordure, от bord - край). Украшение по краям чего-либо.
Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова
II. А́КЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Действие, предпринимаемое для достижения какой-н. цели. Дипломатическая а. Военная а.
АННЕ́КСИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Насильственное присоединение государства или части его к другому государству.
КОНФРОНТА́ЦИЯ, -и, жен. (книжн.). Противостояние, противоборство. Политическая к.
ЛЕГИТИ́МНЫЙ, -ая, -ое (спец.). Признаваемый законом, соответствующий закону.
ЛОКА́ЛЬНЫЙ, -ая, -ое; -лен, -льна (книжн.). Местный, не выходящий за определённые пределы. Локальная война.
СА́НКЦИЯ, -и, жен. 2. Мера, принимаемая против стороны, нарушившей соглашение, договор, а также вообще та или иная мера воздействия по отношению к правонарушителю (спец.). Уголовные, административные, дисциплинарные санкции.
ФАВО́Р, -а, муж. (устар.). Покровительство, протекция (употр. теперь в нек-рых выражениях). Барский ф. Быть в фаворе у кого-н. (пользоваться чьим-н. покровительством; разг.). Он сейчас не в фаворе (разг.).
Толковый словарь Д.Н.Ушакова
БРЕШЬ, бреши, жен. 2. перен. Ущерб, ничем не возмещенная утрата, недостача (книжн.). Брешь в бюджете.
ИЗОЛЯ́ЦИЯ, изоляции, мн. нет, жен. 2. Состояние по гл. изолироваться; разобщенность с другими, изолированное положение (книжн.). Обвиняемый приговорен к лишению свободы со строгой изоляцией.
РЕСПЕ́КТ и (ирон. шутл.) решпект, респекта, муж. ( (устар.). Уважение, почтение.
СУВЕРЕНИТЕ́Т, суверенитета, мн. нет, муж. (полит.). || Независимость государства в его внутренних делах, право собственного законодательства.
Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.
ИНСТАЛЛЯ́ЦИЯ -и; ж. 2. Установочные работы, монтаж сооружений, проводка осветительной сети, сборка системы кондиционирования воздуха и т. п.
ИНТЕГРА́ЦИЯ [тэ], -и; ж. 1) Понятие, означающее состояние связанности отдельных дифференцированных частей и функций системы, организма в целое, а также процесс, ведущий к такому состоянию.
Proper names Appendix III
|
word |
translation |
definition |
|
|
1 |
Aeroflot (2) |
Аэрофлот |
the largest airline in Russia |
|
2 |
Aleksey Chaly (2) |
Алексей Чалый |
|
|
3 |
Anders Fogh Rasmussen (3) |
Андерс Фог Расмуссен |
|
|
4 |
Arseniy Yatsenyuk (4) |
Арсений Яценюк |
|
|
5 |
Barack Obama (6) |
Барак Обама |
|
|
6 |
Belgium (2) |
Бельгия |
|
|
7 |
Brussels (3) |
Брюссель |
the capital and largest city of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union |
|
8 |
Crimea (11) |
Крым |
the peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by water |
|
9 |
European Union, EU (8) |
ЕС, Европейский союз |
a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe |
|
10 |
G7 (1) |
Большая Семерка |
the Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven major advanced economies |
|
11 |
G8 (1) |
Большая Восьмерка |
|
|
12 |
ITAR-TASS (1) |
ИТАР-ТАСС |
Russian News Agency |
|
13 |
Kiev (6) |
Киев |
the capital of Ukraine |
|
14 |
Moscow (6) |
Москва |
the capital of Russia |
|
15 |
NATO (2) |
НАТО |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
|
16 |
PBS (1) |
Служба общественного вещания |
Public Broadcasting Service |
|
17 |
Russia (29) |
Россия |
|
|
18 |
Sevastopol (1) |
Севастополь |
a federal city within the Crimean Federal District |
|
19 |
The Hague (2) |
Гаага |
one of the major cities hosting the United Nation |
|
20 |
the Netherlands (1) |
Нидерланды |
|
|
21 |
Sergei Tsekov (2) |
Сергей Чехов |
|
|
22 |
Viktor Yanukovych (4) |
Виктор Янукович |
|
|
23 |
Vladimir Putin (2) |
Владимир Путин |
|
|
24 |
Ukraine (13) |
Украина |
|
|
25 |
U.S. (3) |
США |
|
|
26 |
YouTube (2) |
a video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California |
The number of proper names found in the text – 26. Considering that some of them are repeated more often than once, the total number of proper names in the text is – 117, i.e. about 13 per cent.
Lexical Analysis of the News Article
All in all, in the presented article there are 227 words (26 per cent), which can be understood by speakers of different European languages. Taking the definite articles the (57 in the news article) into consideration, the number of easily understood words amounts to 33 per cent. This fact highlights how languages and societies are becoming ever more interwoven because of globalization.
The Origin of Internationalisms
Analysis of the data in appendix I demonstrates that most international words originated from Latin (38 out of 58, that is 65 per cent). The other international words originated from Old French – 11 words out of 58, that is 19 per cent; from Ancient Greek – 5 words out of 58, that is – 9 per cent; from English – 3 words out of 58, that is 5 per cent; from Russian – 1 word out of 58, that is 2 per cent.
Top Ten International Words in the Lifestyle-Politics Category
|
English |
Russian |
French |
definition |
|
annexation |
аннексия |
annexion |
the action of appropriating something, especially territory |
|
confrontation |
конфронтация |
confrontation |
a hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between opposing parties |
|
integrity |
интеграция |
intégrité |
the state of being whole and undivided |
|
international |
интернациональный |
international |
agreed on by all or many nations |
|
isolation |
изоляция |
isolation f; isolement m |
the process or fact of being apart from others |
|
protest |
протест |
protêt |
a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something |
|
referendum |
референдум |
referendum |
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision |
|
sanction |
санкция |
sanction |
measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade |
|
sovereignty |
суверенитет |
souveraineté |
the authority of a state to govern itself or another state |
|
Soviet |
советский |
soviétique |
of or concerning the former Soviet Union |
Conclusion
This research work reveals that the share of international words in the Lifestyle-Politics category is considerable and amounts to 10 per cent. Most of these words originated from Latin. But with the development of communication and contacts the number of Internationalisms taken from other languages is growing.
Languages are the essential medium in which the ability to communicate across culture develops. Knowledge of one or several languages enables us to perceive new horizons, to think globally, and to increase our understanding of ourselves and of our neighbors. Languages are, then, the very lifeline of globalization: without language (or communication), there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization, there would be no world languages (e.g. English, Chinese, French, Spanish, and so on).
The global language system is very much interconnected. And the existence of international words proves it.
References
Schwegler Armin Language and Globalization. University of California, Irvine, 2006
Быков А.А. Анатомия терминов 400 словообразовательных элементов из латыни и греческого. Словообразование и заимствование. http://coollib.net/b/103116/read
Тарасова Л.А. Интернациональная лексика как частный случай заимствований. http://www.rusnauka.com/23_SND_2008/Philologia/26333.doc.htm
Словарь иностранных слов.- Комлев Н.Г.,2006
Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка.- Чудинов А.Н.,1910.
Толковый словарь С.И. Ожегова
Толковый словарь Д.Н. Ушакова
Энциклопедический словарь 2009г.
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/
http://lingvo.mail.ru/
http://useful_english.enacademic.com
http://www.globalization101.org/uploads/File/Syllabus-Lang-Globalization.pdf
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