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Положение английского языка в первые века после нормандского завоевания

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1ГУО "Могилевская городская гимназия № 1"

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INTRODUCTION

This work is related to the influence of the Norman Conquest on the development of English language. We made an attempt to systematize information on the development of English language in the first centuries after the Normans invaded England, as well as to identify changes in the vocabulary, syntax and morphology of the Middle English period on specific examples. The theme of this work is “The Position of English Language in the First Centuries after the Norman Conquest.”

The relevance of this work is determined by several reasons:

First, the research of English language history is compulsory for students who research in the specialty of “English language”;

Second, the Norman Conquest was a turning point in the history of England; in this connection, it is necessary to trace changes in language under the influence of this historical event;

Third, the information of the Norman Conquest can be used for the purpose of researching the history of England;

Fourth, information about changes in grammar, morphology, vocabulary, syntax of the Middle English language can be used for in-depth research of “Lexicology of the main foreign language”, “Stylistics of foreign language”, “History of foreign language”, “National studies”.

The object of the research – is English in the first centuries after the Norman Conquest.

The subject of the research is change in the vocabulary, syntax, morphology of English language in the first centuries after the Norman Conquest.

The aim of the research is to establish the influence of the Norman Conquest on the subsequent development of English language.

The above aim has predetermined the solution of the following tasks:

1) comprehend the significance of the Norman Conquest in the history of England and trace the influence of this event on the further development of English language;

2) reveal the role of London dialect in the formation of unified national English language

3) consider the main changes in the vocabulary of the Middle English period

4) consider the main changes in the syntax of the Middle English period

5) consider the main changes in the morphology of the Middle English period.

The aim and tasks defined the structure of this work, which consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and list of references.

The material of research involve information about obtained from the literary works of Chaucer. The theoretical basis consists of the following scientists: “William the Conqueror” Zyumtor P., “The History of English Language” Ilyish B. A, “The History of England in the Middle Ages” Shtomkar V.V.

Methods of research are contextual analysis, descriptive method, comparative analysis.

Theoretical and practical significance of this research is the results that can be used in the following disciplines: “Lexicology of the main foreign language”, “Stylistics of foreign language”, “History of foreign language”, “National studies”.

PART 1 THE NORMAN CONQUEST IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE

By the moment when the ruling of Edward the Confessor was over, in England developed complicated internal political situation. During the years of his reign Edward did not leave a direct heir. Therefore, the English throne was supposed to be taken by three applicants [1, p.203].

The first applicant was the most notable of the kings of Norway, Harald. His right to power was justified by the fact that Harold’s predecessor in 1038 signed a treaty with the son of Knud the Great about the mutual inheritance of the kingdoms in case of childlessness of one of the monarchs. Since Edward the Confessor was childless, the King of Norway was able to consider himself applicant for the English crown.

The second was the Duke of Normandy Wilhelm, who was a relative of King Edward. He had benevolence of the English ruler, who maintained friendly ties with Normandy, the country where he was brought up. This favor of Edward the Confessor to the Normans gave grounds for claims to the throne.

And finally, the third was Harold of Saxony. He represented a strong noble family, in his veins flowed royal blood. In addition, he was a brave leader and had great popularity among the people. And long before the death of King Edward Earl Harold was considered as the future King of England [6, p. 45].

Shortly before the death of King Edward Harold visited Normandy. For what purpose the Saxon Earl visited these lands is still unknown. However, Wilhelm decided to force Harold to give a solemn vow, which being violated, would have laid a stain on the reputation of the Saxon and would have alienated his supporters. In the presence of all the Norman barons, Harold was forced to swear an oath to the Duke of Wilhelm as the legitimate heir to the English crown. Kneeling, he put his hands in the hands of the duke and uttered a solemn oath, in which he recognized Wilhelm as his master and promised to serve him faithfully [5, p. 200].

When Harold returned to his homeland he came to King Edward and told him what had happened between him and the Norman duke, it became obvious that England was waiting for a hard time. King Edward lived for a week and finally died January 5, 1066. On the day of Edward’s funeral, among the general mourning and under the influence of critical situation of the country, Harold was elected the King of England. However, the reign of Harold was soon contested by the Norwegian ruler. Harald, having his reasons on the struggle for England, joined with the exiled Tostig Godwinsohn, Harold’s brother, and began preparations for the conquest of England. In addition, based on the will of King Edward, of Harold’s oath during his trip to Normandy, and appealing to the necessity of protection the English church from usurpation and tyranny, Wilhelm put forward his claims to the crown of England and began preparations for an armed invasion [5, p. 210]. A severe struggle for power began.

Harold was put between two fires. During the battle of September 25, 1066, King Harald Gardrad and the whole color of his nobility died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold won a brilliant victory, but he also had to pay with death of his best warriors and commanders [11, p. 150].

September 28, 1066, the Duke Wilhelm was able to land unhindered with his army, in the Pevensey Bay of Sussex County. At this time, Harold hurried with his army to the South. The great battle with the Duke Wilhelm took place October 14, 1066. As a result, Harold and his best friends were killed.

The Norman Conquest was a turning point in the history of England. As a result of the conquest, the language situation was characterized by a division into three layers in the linguistic plan, they are the feudal nobility, as the government used the Anglo-Norman language, while the peasants and townspeople spoke English. There was also a layer of a bilingual population speaking both languages. Immediately after the Norman Conquest, all the laws of the country were translated into Latin or French. The first rulers of England after 1066 did not speak English. The representatives of all professions, church servants merchants, soldiers, entrepreneurs – were people of French culture. The influx of French language into England continued for two centuries [4, p. 168].

However, in 1258 the English King Henry III turned to the local population with an appeal in English (in the London dialect). In 1362, during the reign of Edward III gradually English speech replaced French language in schools. In the second half of 14^th century, the victory of English language became obvious. French language loses its influence, and in the XV century it completely disappears from English social and cultural life [7, p. 170].

Conclusions on the first chapter

1) The Norman Conquest influenced on the entire future history of England.

2) In the period after the Norman Conquest, French and Latin replace English language.

3) Writing in English is developed poorly due to the dominance of French and Latin.

4) For two centuries English language is in decline; By XIV century it began to return its lost positions.

PART 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD 2.1 Dialects of the Middle English period

In the era after the Norman Conquest, on British territory were developed the same dialects as in the Old English period. However, in accordance with the established tradition, they have the other names. Thus, the Northumbrian dialect is named North, Mersiyskiy - Central, Wessex and Kent - Southern. The border between the northern and central dialects is the river Humber. The border between the Central and Southern dialects runs along the Thames. In its turn, the Central dialect is divided into the Western and Eastern dialects. The London dialect bears the signs of central and southern versions of English language [7, p. 180].

All the dialects listed above had significant differences in morphology and phonetics. At the same time, the differences between the dialects corresponded to their territorial location: the discrepancies between the extreme dialects were more significant than the differences between each of the extreme and central dialects.

A special role among all the linguistic varieties has played London dialect. The geographical position of London contributed to an increase of the political significance of the city and its leading role as a place of creation a single national language [9, p.173]. The London dialect, which formed the basis of the national language, was a complex formation reflected by various influences related to the political and cultural life of that era. London dialect of these centuries is represented by several important documents: the proclamation of Henry III in 1258, the poems of Adam Davy (the first quarter of 14^th century), the works of Chaucer (1340-1400), Gower (1325-1408) and Wycliffe (1320-1384) [10 p. 174].

2.2 Changes in the vocabulary of the Middle English period

The development of lexical composition in the period after the Norman conquest took place at the expense of the internal resources of the language and through the borrowing of words and derivational morphemes from the other languages. In the field of internal development of the vocabulary, can be marked out such phenomena as the formation of new words by means of affixation. For example, the word brotherhood ‘brotherhood’, redynesse ‘readiness’, herty ‘hearty’. And the rethinking of these words in connection with the development of social relations. For example, the Old English word cnicht, meaning ‘boy’, ‘servant’, with time gets the meaning ‘knight’, having changed its written form on knight. The Old English verb sellan 'give' gets the form 'sell' in the Middle English period [7, p.182].

However, most of the words were formed with the help of borrowings from the Scandinavian and French languages. Thus, speaking about the influence of Scandinavian dialects on English language, it should be noted that a significant part of the vocabulary was common for the English language and Scandinavian dialects.

Here are pairs of synonyms, where the first word is from Old English, and the second from Scandinavian dialects: dōm - dōmr 'sentence', stān - stein 'stone'; wind - vindr 'wind', hēafod - hofoð 'head', trēo - trē 'tree', cynn - kyn 'genus', hāll - heill 'whole', heorte - hiarta 'heart', tīma - tīme 'time', oxa - oxe, oxu 'bull' [7, p. 183].

These examples demonstrate that words had the same root, but different endings. The other part of the vocabulary of Scandinavian dialects and English did not match. The English semantic sphere involved a lot of Scandinavian elements, beginning with the words of state administration and ending with everyday vocabulary. The abundance and diversity of Scandinavian everyday words also indicates the interpenetration of both languages. These words include: lagu - law 'law', wrang - wrong 'injustice', husbonda - husband 'master of the house', casten - cast 'throw', callen - call 'call', tāken take 'take', skye - sky 'sky', 'cloud' [7, p.183].

As an indicator of the profound introduction of Scandinavian dialects into English is considered the borrowing of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person in plural. The Scandinavian pronoun þeir 'they' supplanted the English hīe and was established in the language in the form of they [7, p. 184]. The genitive case of þeirra supplanted the hira and was established in their form; dative case þeim ousted him and fixed himself in the language in the form of them. Similarly, the Scandinavian conjunction þo 'but' ousted þeah and remained in the form though, thogh [7, c. 186].

Among the borrowed Scandinavian words were also military terms. For example, fulcian 'build troops' and liþ 'fleet'. But with time they were replaced by French words [7, p. 185].

Scandinavian elements entered many geographical names. For example, by 'village' in the words Whitby 'Whitby', Derby 'Derby'; toft 'a place overgrown with grass' in the word Langtoft 'Langtoft', beck 'creek' in the word Troutbeck 'Trautbek'; ness 'cape' in the words Inverness 'Inverness', Caithness 'Caithness' [7, c. 184].

Also, English language added the lexical composition due to borrowings from French language. The penetration of French words into English speech started not immediately after the Norman conquest, but only in the 12^th century. It has reached great influence in the XIII - XIV centuries. There are several basic semantic spheres of French words. So, the first one is state management, legal proceedings. It includes the words: prince 'prince', baron 'baron', noble 'noble', governen 'to govern', government 'government', royal 'royal', court 'court', judge 'judge', sentence 'sentence'. However, for the concepts of 'king' and 'queen' have been saved the English words.

To the second sphere belong words of military life: army 'army', castle 'palace', banner 'banner', harness 'armor', victory 'victory' [7, p. 186].

The third category includes church vocabulary: religion 'religion', saint 'holy', chapel 'chapel'.

The fourth sphere includes names of urban crafts: tailor 'tailor', bocher butcher, peintre painter.

The fifth sphere is art. Here we include the words art 'art', color 'color', figure 'figure', image 'image', ornament 'ornament'.

And finally, the sixth category is vocabulary for entertainment and feasting: dinner 'dinner', plesir 'pleasure', leysir leisure, feste feast 'festival' [7, p. 187].

In addition, some words that were borrowed are not related to a particular sphere of: air 'air', place 'place', river 'river', large 'big', change 'change' and others.

Sometimes an invading French word replaces its English synonym in another sphere of meaning. Thus, for example, the Old English noun hærvest, which denotes 'autumn', was ousted in this sense by the word autumn, but preserved in English as harvest in the sense of 'crop'. The connection between the concepts 'autumn' and 'harvest' is quite obvious.

The stress in borrowed French words adapts to the conditions typical to English vocabulary. In the Old French languages the stress predominantly falls on the last syllable. However, in English in most cases it is transferred to the first syllable, in four-syllable words - often to the third syllable from the end, in other words, to the second from the beginning. This transfer of stress was gradual [7, p. 193].

Speaking about borrowing vocabulary from the other languages ​​in English, we must distinguish two completely different cases of borrowing. It happens that in the borrowing language there was no such a thing as the acquired word, people did not have such an object or phenomenon denoted by this word. In this situation, there is no loss of the word existed in the language before as a result of his replacement with the help of borrowed concept. There are cases when there was a word in the language, denoting an object or phenomenon. Then the new word either displaces the old one or happens the formation of synonymous pair, thus each of these elements has its own stylistic coloring. In English history can be found borrowings of both types [7, p. 199].

So, for example, the borrowing of Latin words in the VII century is entirely related to the first type. With the spread of Christianity, English acquires a whole series of new concepts, which had not existed before. These categories also began to be denoted by the borrowed words from Latin: biscop 'bishop', munic 'monk'. Therefore there are no English words that fell out of the language and were not subjected to semantic transformations. As for the French borrowed words, there are both variants for assigning new words. French borrowings were characterized as already existed concepts in English culture as well as completely new words. So, the original English word ēa 'river' was replaced by the French rivière, which subsequently became river. It is clear that the concept of river came from Anglo-Saxons. Thus it was a repression of one word by another. At the same time, among French words there are also those that denote concepts that did not exist before in English language. For example, French word baron 'baron' denoted a feudal title that did not exist in the Old English period [7, p 187].

Some word-forming morphemes such as suffixes and prefixes were also added into English along with the French words. This process proceeded as follows: if there was a certain number of words in English language containing the same word-building element, this affix was already distinguished as an independent morpheme and could participate in the formation of new words both from English and French bases [7, p. 186]. Already in the Middle English period, can be found examples of word formation with the help of affixes from French origin: husbandry 'agriculture', 'thrift', goddess 'goddess'.

The suffix -ment, penetrated into English from such words as government 'government', treatment 'treatment', 'attitude', agreement 'agreement'. With his help, new words were formed from English roots: fulfillment 'fulfillment', amazement 'amazement' [7, c. 187].

The suffix -ess, of Greek origin, used to form the nouns denoting women, penetrated into English with the words princess 'princess', baroness 'baroness' countess 'countess'. Then it was joined to such English foundations as: shepherdess 'shepherdess', goddess 'goddess', murderess 'murderer' [7, p. 188].

The suffix -age, is known by the words courage 'courage', carriage 'crew', marriage 'marriage', was joined in English to Scandinavian roots, forming the words lugguage 'baggage', leakage 'leakage' [7, p. 188].

The suffix of German origin -ard came into English speech with the words coward 'coward', bastard 'illegitimate'. In combination with English roots, this suffix produced the words wizard 'sorcerer' from the adjective wis 'wise', drunkard 'drunkard', dullard 'fool'. In combination with Scandinavian root, it formed the word niggard 'miser' [7, p. 189].

The suffix -al from French aille 'go' is used to form abstract nouns from verbs. It came into English from the words funeral 'burial', 'funeral', refusal 'refusal', proposal 'proposal'. In conjunction with the English root, it formed the word burial 'funeral' [7, p. 189].

French suffix -able, -ible, which forms adjectives, came into the language along with the words admirable 'exquisite', tolerable 'tolerant', legible 'clear', flexible 'flexible'. With its help were formed such English foundations as unbearable 'unbearable', understandable 'understandable' [7, p. 189].

Some French prefixes have also become productive in English. For example, the prefixes dis-, des- with negative value came into English language as a part of words disappoint 'disappoint', disdain 'despise'. It also started to be used in English word-building: disown 'unload', disburgen 'unload' and from the Scandinavian root was formed the word distrust 'do not trust'. French prefix en- (from Latin prefix -in), known by the words encage 'encase', encircle 'surround', gave in combination with English roots the words endear 'to make sweet', embed 'to stack' '[7, p. 198].

Changes in grammar of the Middle English period 2.3.1Morphology in the Middle English period

A significant change that occurs in morphology of nouns includes different expression of the category of number and case. In Old English language, the expression of the number category of nouns was inextricably linked with the transfer of the category of case. During this period there was no special index of the plural number, regardless of the case. This is one of the signs of the inflecting language. During move to the Middle English period, the situation changes radically: the ending -es began express only the category of the plural number and it has no connection with any case. This separation in the mode of transmission of the case and number is one of the significant differences of the Middle English period from the Old English period [7, p. 211].

Declension of adjectives in this period was subjected to significant changes. This declension has always been determined by the need to match the adjective with the noun in gender, number and case. In the Old English, there was also joined the difference between strong and weak declension of adjectives, depending on whether the adjective preceded the definite article or a word similar to it, or not. The dying off of the grammatical gender and case endings of nouns in the Middle English period resulted in a significant change in the declension of the adjectives. In the weak declension the characteristic ending -en has disappeared. Thus, the only end of case of adjectives became -e. In northern dialects, the declension has completely disappeared. The only remaining ending -e has disappeared and the adjective has become unchangeable. The degrees of comparison are formed in the Middle English with the help of suffixes - (e)r, -est, for example: grētt - gretter - grettest 'big' , glad - gladder - gladdest 'glad' , fayr - fayrer - fayrest 'beautiful'. Some adjectives preserve umlaut in comparative and superlative degrees. For example: ōld - elder - eldest 'old', long - lenger - longest 'long', strong - strenger - strengest 'strong'. Some adjectives save the degrees of comparison formed in a suppletive way: gōt - bette - best 'good', evil - werste - werst 'bad', litel - lasse - lēst 'small'. Along with this in the Middle English period appear combinations more profitable 'more profitable', most faithful 'most reliable'. The interpretation of such combinations remains controversial. We can assume that these are analytical forms of degrees of comparison. But one can also consider that these are free combinations of words more 'more' and most 'most' with adjectives [7, p. 224].

All the verbs that existed in the Old English period (strong, weak, preterito-present, incorrect), were saved in the Middle English. In each of these types occurred changes connected with the phonetic phenomena of the Middle English period and changes caused by the action of analogy. In addition, there are cases of transition strong verbs into weak verbs conjugations and vice versa. Changes in the forms of strong verbs in comparison with the Old English period is represented as the ending of the infinitive -an, and the ending of the plural number of the past tense -on are weakened to -en.

Perfect forms that in the Old English period, are widely spread in Middle English. In Chaucer there are examples of the use of the present and past perfect time. For example: Lordinges, right so, as ye have understonde, bar I stifly mine olde housbondes on honde ('Gentlemen, just as you understood, I persistently made my old husbands believe') ... the holy blissful martir for to seke that hem hath holpen whan that they were seke ('... visit the blessed martyr who helped them when they were sick'). The past perfect time is found in sentences of the type: Ful thredbare was his over-the-top court, for he had gotten him yet for his office ('His upper jacket was very worn because he had not yet received a benefice and was not so secular to get a job '). From intransitive verbs, perfect forms are sometimes formed with the help of the auxiliary verb be (n), for example: The domes alle, that from the tyme of King William were falle ('All the judgments that have fallen (ie were pronounced) since the time of King Wilhelm ') [7, c. 243].

In Middle English appears rudiments of long forms, formed from combinations of forms of the verb bēn 'to be' with the first participle. Such combinations are rare. Thus, in the text of Chaucer, only six cases of their use were found. In addition, in these cases it is not always clear which shade is expressed by such a combination, i.e. than it differs in value from the simple form of the verb. So, for example, in the description of the squire in the prologue to the "Canterbury Tales" it is said: Singinge he was, or floytinge, al the day ('He sang or played the flute all day').

Apparently, the combination of the verb was 'to be' with the participle first expresses the duration of the action [7, c. 245].

A special form of the future tense, the origin of which belongs to the Old English period, is finally formed in the Middle English as an integral part of the system of times and completely freed from the connection with the modal values ​​that was characteristic of it in the Old English. Chaucer's form of the future tense is quite common. In most cases, the auxiliary verbs shal and wil (wol) are completely deprived of their original lexical meaning and have become a way of expressing the future tense, for example: But I was hurt right now through-out my w ye in-to myn herte, that wol my bane be (' But I was impressed through the eye in the heart, this will be my death '). Sometimes these verbs could make model shades in the meaning of the future tense. For example, in the following sentence the verb shal has a tinge of the meaning of the necessity, the inevitability of the future action: The cherl shal have his thral; this I awarde ('This man will receive his servant, I promise it'). In addition, the verb wil had the meaning of intention of doing the act, voluntariness: "And I will love her contrary to all your might" [7, c. 247]. Thus, in Middle English, undoubtedly, there is a future time as an analytical form of the verb. But the auxiliary verbs shal and wil (wol), entering into its structure, under certain conditions express the modal shades, arising from their initial lexical meanings.

The Passive Voice receives a wide development in the Middle English period. The combination of "the verb ben + participle the second" could express both state and action. Which of these two values ​​is evident in each individual case depends on the meaning of the word and the context. For example: The castel-yate on my right hond, which was so well-welded ('The gate of the castle on the right hand, which were decorated with such fine carving that never others such were'). Here, from the meaning of the verb, and from the entire context, it is clear that the construction of the passive voice has a state value. In the following example, it is clear that the passive voice is used in the meaning of the action: Of Grekes, by oon general assent, than semide me ther was a parlement at Athenes, up-on certeyn poynts and cas; Among the Greeks, by common agreement, it seems to me that a general meeting was held in Athens on certain points and questions, among which it was decided to conclude an alliance with some countries. ") In the Middle English period, the use of passive voice was significantly expanded. So, the subject of the passive voice could be a word that in the sentence with the verb-verb in the actual voice would be, by the norms of the Old English language, an indirect addition. In Chaucer, there are examples of the use of passive voice, which is an innovation compared to the Old English norm: "I can you devyse how that I can be holpe ('I can show you how I can be helped') [7, c. 186]. In the Old English verb helpan 'help' managed the dative case and could not be used in the construction of the passive voice. These were the rudiments of the phenomenon, which was widely spread in the New England language.

In addition, it should be noted that the place of case forms in the Middle English period began to be occupied by prepositional combinations. The dative case is replaced by the preposition tō, the genitive began to be expressed through the preposition of. This process was as follows. The preposition tō in Old English had a spatial significance: Eode tō his hūse ('he approached his house'). In Middle English it is used as an indicator of the object to which the action is directed or in favor of. The meaning of the preposition of also undergoes changes: Hē dyde helm of hafelan ('he took the helmet off his head'). The above example shows that in Old English the meaning of the preposition was spatial. In the Middle English period, the preposition of 'from', 'from' becomes more abstract [7, c. 226].

The conjugation system underwent considerable changes in the Middle English period. First of all, due to the weakening of the vowels in an unstressed endings disappeared the difference between the endings -an, -on, -en, that difference played an essential role in the English language. In addition, the final consonant -n, on which many verb forms ended, has been gradually weakened and disappeared. The stable form of -n was found only in the formation of the participle II and some certain strong verbs, where it was saved also in the New English period. Then in the Middle English, the differences in the root vowel between the 2nd and 3rd persons of the singular number and indicative mood and the other forms of the present tense caused by Germanic refraction or umlaut disappeared [7, p. 233].

From the Old English nouns on -inჳ (-unჳ)in the Middle English period was developed the gerund [8, p. 186]. The question of gerund origin is not fully studied. However, it is for certain known that the formation of this process is connected with the change of management: if earlier the verbal noun controlled the noun in the genitive case, which acted towards it as an attribute for it, then in the Middle English period it acquires the ability to control the object and is determined by adverb. It was this first stage of verbalization of the former verbal name that turned it into a special verbal form that possessed, like other non-finite forms of the verb, nominal and verbal features: withouten merci askynge 'without asking for mercy', be good exampyl ჳ evyng 'setting a good example'. In the examples above, the forms on -ing (-yng) are already gerunds, since they have the typical compatibility for the verb with a direct (complementary) addition.

Syntax in the Middle English period

In comparison with the Old English period, the importance of the word order as a means of expressing syntactic relations in Middle English significantly increases. It takes the expression of such functions, which in the Old English belonged to the endings of declension and conjugation. With the disappearance of many endings, the role of the word place in the sentence increases. In this respect, the Middle English language occupies an intermediate position between the Old English and New English language. The word place in the sentence became a more important factor than it was in the Old English language. But this factor has not yet received such a final importance, as in the New England period [7, p. 259].

The place in the sentence before the predicate becomes the grammatical attribute of the subject [7, p. 262]. Therefore, the area of use of the reverse order is significantly reduced in comparison with the Old English period. In manuscripts of XIII century, the examples sentences with the reverse order of words are much less frequently used, unless they begin with an adjunct.

In the field of structure in a simple sentence of the Middle English period, there were no significant changes in comparison with the Old English language. Here can be seen the same members of the sentence and, basically, the same methods of their morphological completion. In order to study a complex sentence, the main source is Chaucer's work. Thus, the compound sentences in his work are represented in a broad scope. Their constituent parts are connected sometimes with the help of conjunctions, sometimes conjunctionless.

Among all coordinate conjunctions most often Chaucer uses 'and'. For example: Thus endeth Palamon and Emelye; and God save al this faire companye! ('Thus the story of Palamon and Emilia ends, and may God keep all this beautiful company') The parataxis of sentences is very typical for Chaucer: At sessiouns therewas he lord and sire; ful ofte tyme he was knight of the shire ('On sessions he was the chief steward, very often he was a member of parliament') [7, p. 271].

Conclusions on the second chapter

Among all the dialects of the Middle English language only London dialect was the basis of the united national English language.

Completion of the vocabulary of English language was carried out by borrowing lexis from Scandinavian dialects, French and Latin.

In addition to English words there are many affixes of French origin.

The word order in the Middle English becomes more fixed.

In the morphology of noun there was a separation in the way of transferring the category of number and case.

Dying of the grammatical gender and case endings of nouns in the Middle English period resulted a significant change in the declension of adjectives.

In the Middle English period can be marked the category of state.

Perfect forms and progressive aspect of verb get development in the Middle English period.

The special form of future tense in the Middle English period is finally formed as an integral part of tenses system.

The Passive voice in the Middle English period expresses both the state and action.

The place of case forms in the Middle English period began occupy prepositional conjunctions.

In the Middle English period appeared an indefinite article.

In the Middle English period was observed the formation of gerund.

CONCLUSION

Having studied the role of the Norman Conquest in the history of England and its influence on English language, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The Norman Conquest influenced on the whole future history of England. As a result of this significant historical event occurred the transfer of classical forms of feudalism to the conquered territory. The Normans created a centralized state with a strong royal power. The influence of the conquerors extended to all the spheres of social life in the English state. The Anglo-Saxon nobility, using English language, was superseded by Norman barons who spoke French. There was a situation of three languages. In connection with the active use of French and Latin, English is given the role of language for the lower classes. About two centuries, writing in English is in decline.

The most important role in the formation of a single national language was played by the London dialect. The geographical position of London contributed to the elevation of this dialect among other disparate versions of English language.

During the Middle English period, the lexical composition of the English language was enriched by borrowing words from French language, Latin and Scandinavian dialects. In addition, except the words in English language were added the derivational affixes of French origin.

In comparison with the Old English period in the syntax of the Middle English, the word order in the sentence becomes more fixed. There is a decrease in the use of synthetic word order.

In the morphology of the Middle English period were observed the following changes:

in the category of noun, there was a division in the way of transferring the number and case;

the dying of the grammatical gender and case endings of nouns led to a significant change in the declension of the adjectives.

in the Middle English period were marked out the category of state, perfect forms and continuous form of the verb;

the special form of future tense is formulated as an integral part of the system of tenses;

the passive voice expresses both the state and the action;

the place of case forms in the Middle English period began to be occupied by prepositional combinations;

appeared an indefinite article and gerund.

LIST OF REFERENCES:

Azimov, A. History of England. From the Ice Age to the Magna Carta / A. Azimov; trans. from English. Pozdnyakova N. - M .: Centropoligraph, 2005. - 319 p.

Arakin, V.D. History of English / V.D. Arakin. - Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2003. - 272 p.

Block, M. Feudal Society / M. Blok. - M .: Publishing house of Sabashnikovs, 2003. - 504 p.

Brooke, K. Saxon and Norman Kings / C. Brooke; trans from English. Karpova L.A. - Moscow: ZAO Centerpoligraf Publishing House, 2011. - 271 p.

Zyumtor P. Wilhelm the Conqueror / P. Zyumtor. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2010. - 336 p.

Eagles R. History of England / R. Eagles. - Moscow: ACT Astrel, 2008. - 294 p.

Ilish B.A. History of English / B.A. Ilyish. - Moscow: Higher School, 1968. - 419 p.

Meshkov O.D. Word formation of modern English / O.D. Meshkov. - Moscow: Nauka, 1976. - 246 p.

Petrushevsky D.M. Essays from the history of English state and society in the Middle Ages / D.M. Petrushevsky. - M: State socio-economic publishing house, 1937. -221 p.

Trevelyan J.M. History of England from Chaucer to Queen Victoria / J.M. Trevelyan; trans. From English. Krushinsky A.A. and Tatarinova KN - Smolensk: Rusich, 2005. - 624 p.

Sherwood E.A. From Anglo-Saxons to Englishmen. (To the problem of the formation of English people) / E.A. Sherwood. - Moscow: Nauka, 1988. - 240 p.

APPENDIX A

RIDDLES

Unit 1 About myself

(m=c) (r=ss)

(lor=nc)+(r=e)

(L=b) (n=s)+T

Em+’’+(g=r)

(Apel=o)+

(p=nn) 7.’’’(V=sp)

’’’+(ver=cu)+ (k=t)

’’’(S=Cl)+ (2=’)

’’(O=A)+ ’

Unit 2 Houses and homes

1. (ee=a)

2. S+ (r=h; k=r)

3. S+ (4,5=’)

4. ’’’(w=t)+Y

5. Under+’(w=h)+th

6. (ilor=p)

7. ’’’+(g=s)+er

8. ’’’+(2=’)

9. ’ (gh=nge)

10. (2=’)+k

Unit 3 Education

Ch+; k=t

(d=s)+ve

(w=L)(3=’)+(rm=c)

”(v=j)+k

’(e=c)+use

Unit 5 Youth and society

En+ (ver=ch)

’+s

R+’’ (o=e)(5=a)+d

’’’+(ver=ty)

(L=d)(3=’)+ ’(w=m)

’(g=c)(5.6=’)+pt

’(y=re)+ ’ (h=i)(p=t)

Ded+’ (LL=c)(g=t)

(n=c)(k=v)+ ’ (or=ve)

’(a=o)+ ’(h=t)

Unit 6 Art today

(ur=n)+ ’’(wi=e)

’’(LL=su)+L

(k=t)+’ (ss=y)

’’ +’(3=u)+nee

’(a=e)+ ’(i=a)

Unit 7 Science basics

’’ (e=a)+’ +(sk=t)

(d=f)+ ’(e=d)

’ (L=j)+ct

Fb

(sk=th)+’’

’’+(ky=p)+ (t=e)

Answers

Unit 1

Success

Conceive

To boast

To embarrass

Choice

Channel

To spill

To matriculate

Clumsy

Drastic

Unit 2

Fleet

Share

Stair

Tiny

Tap

Underneath

Dresser

Cosy

Launge

Sink

Unit 3

Cheat

Sieve

Literacy

Jerk

Accuse

Unit 5

Enrich

Goals

Reward

Charity

Determine

Accept

Appreciate

Dedicate

Involve

Promote

Unit 6

Content

Visual

Portray

Influence

Illegal

Unit 7

Variety

Field

Object

Plagiarism

Thinker

Inspire

APPENDIX B

WORD PUZZLES

1

2

3

Answers

Search, spacious, advantage, diverse, envisage, challenge, carpet, brick, society, youth, cottage.

Matter, level, apply, foundation, solid, element, research, colleague, curious.

Sense, audience, notable, possible, masterful, knighted, diverse, print, bribe.

THE POSITION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE FIRST CENTURIES AFTER THE NORMAN CONQUEST

Tkach Artsyom

State educational establishment “Mogilev gymnasia №1”

The topic of our research is related to the influence of the Norman Conquest on the development of English language. We tried to systematize information on the development of English language and identify changes in the vocabulary, syntax and morphology on specific examples. This work may be used for studying the history of England and for in-depth research of lexicology, stylistics and history of foreign language and national studies. The object of our research is English language. The subject is changes in the vocabulary, syntax, morphology of English language. The aim is to establish the influence of the Norman Conquest.

We looked through a lot of literature about history of England and English people, went through information about applicants for English throne of this period.

The Norman Conquest was a turning point in the history of England. As a result of the adaptation of the North French state and social institutions to the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition, a system of Anglo-Norman monarchy existed until the middle of the 12th century, which formed the basis of the medieval English state. The conquest also had a significant impact on the development of English culture and language.

The language situation after 1066 was characterized by a division into three layers in the language plan: the feudal nobility, the government used the Anglo-Norman language, while the peasants and townspeople spoke English. There was also a layer of a bilingual population speaking both languages. Immediately after the Norman Conquest, all the laws of the country were translated into Latin or French. French speech was used in legal proceedings, sounded at the parliamentary debate. The English semantic sphere involved a lot of Scandinavian elements, beginning with the words of state administration and ending with everyday vocabulary. Scandinavian elements also entered many geographical names.

I wanted to share all my research with my classmates. But how to convey this huge material in an interesting form? There was an idea. I studied my pupil’s book of the 10th grade and identified borrowing words. I included these words in the word puzzles. Then I made riddles to the units with the help of other words of French and Scandinavian origin, which aren’t in our pupil’s book. So my classmates not only got acquainted with the borrowing words, but also repeated active vocabulary to the certain units.

As it turned out, the English language is 70% composed of foreign words, and only 30% in it - truly English. Most of the borrowings are of Germanic, Latin and French origin. During the Middle English period, the lexical composition of the English language was enriched by borrowing words from the French language, Latin and Scandinavian dialects. According to various sources, approximately 30% of all English words trace back to the French. We actively use them in our speech on English lessons.