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Заимствование английских слов в современном русском языке

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Сухарева  К.С. 1

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1МБОУ СОШ №10

Леухин  О.В. 1

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1МБОУ СОШ №10

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Introduction

These days any language goes trough numerous changes due to the proceis of globalization, technological development, wide intercultural contacts and essential social, economic and political changes. Lexical changes in any language are the most interesting. One of the ways of lexical changes is borrowing words from other languages. Nowadays it is not surprising for anyone to hear such expressions as «Саммит двух стран о заключении перемирия», «Для подключения сети интернет необходимо обратиться к провайдеру» or « Спешу на брифинг» on TV on the radio. A language always reacts to the necessities of the society. Borrowings are the result of international contacts, peoples^,relationships and interactions of different countries. Every language has borrowings from other languages. And today the influence of the English languages on the modern Russian language can be easily seen. English borrowings are becoming more and more common in Russian. So, I got interested in the way Russian is getting richer thanks to English borrowings. The results of my research are:

Picking out English words in the Russian language

Uniting them in thematic groups

Making a small vocabulary containing new English words in Russian

The research has shown that most of the borrowings are the words used by young generation, sport terms, computer language, cultural vocabulary and words used in advertising and trade. All this is the result of developing international links and contacts. On the one hand, presence of English borrowings in Russian is natural as for the last several decades Russia has been developing cooperation with other countries. On the other hand, it is necessary to admit that the tendency to be, to live and to think like Europeans leads to the disappearance of the Russian originality including the originality of the language. As I do not understand the meaning of some borrowings, I decided to study this problem.

These are the questions to which I am determined to find answers while working on my project:

What is the role of mass media and the Internet in the propagation of English?

Why did English borrowings come to and become common in Russia?

Do they clutter up Russian?

Is it possible to avoid using these borrowings?

The aim of my work: to pick out English borrowings in the Russian language and examine the specification of their usage.

The purposes of the work:

To study the literature about the causes of foreign borrowings in the language.

To follow the steps of the borrowings becoming deep – rooted.

To unite the vocabulary in thematic groups.

To discover the causes and ways of penetration of the borrowing of the Russian language.

To find out the level of popularity of foreign words in Russian conducting survey.

Used methods:

The method of observation.

The method of analyzing dictionary interpretation.

Conducting a survey.

Questioning.

The field of the research: the percentage of English borrowings in the Russian language.

The subject of the research: English borrowings in Russian.

The theme of the work: problems connected with causes, steps and areas where English words are used. The actuality of the theme: the importance of English in the Russian society.

Chapter 1 English borrowings in the Russian language 1.1 Causes of lexical borrowings.

Changeability, development and improvement of any language and its vocabulary is considered to be the most important and common feature of a language by all the linguist. There are different ways of changing and different sources of new words. One of these ways is borrowing words from other languages.

« Borrowings are words, borrowed from other languages. This way is a natural process of establishing economic, political and cultural links with other nations due to which words defiming newly created things spread to other language.»

L. P. Krysin

Lexical borrowing is the most common way of borrowing new words.

There are both outer and inner reasons for borrowings coming to other languages when a nation has tight political, trade and economic relationships with other nations and when there is a necessity in the native language to replace descriptive phrases with single word.

Borrowings often appear in a language when foreign goods are imported to a country, when wide international contacts are established, when it is necessary to invent new words to describe new things in social relations, such as appearance of new institutions, occupations and so on.

Sometimes borrowings come as synonyms of words already existing in a language ( экспорт - ввоз – export). There are different reasons for it:

The necessity of using formal terms.

The wish to make an accent on a special meaning which is not clear in the native language.

Sometimes it is just fashion to use foreign words.

At first English words appearing in the Russian language are considered to be neologisms. But later, as the influence of English on other languages is constantly growing and because of propagate of the American way of life by mass media and also because of language fashion such words quickly become common and widely used in a language. Today Russian newspapers and magazines and TV programmes are full of word of English origin. Famous politicians and other people, political scientists, economists, journalists often use English borrowings in their speeches.

Some linguists think that the main reason for using English words in other languages is historical links between nations. Others believe there are also other reasons:

The need for defining new things, processes and ideas.

Significant excellence of a nation in a certain area of existence.

Presence of bilingual.

The tendency to save speech means.

Fashion for foreign words.

1.2 Steps of using borrowings in the language.

Theappearance of first English words in theRussian language dates back to the end of the 18^th andthebeginningof the19^th centuries. In that time such words as «lord», «aldennan» or «Chife Justice», were widely spreod in Russia. These words, meaning English posts and also political and trade terms were actively used by Russian ambassadors in the English court. In the first two decades of the 20^th centure there weren^.t many English borrowings in Russian.

Such words as «film», «jazz», «service», «sweater» came to Russian then. Some new foreign words existed together with Russian words or with those foreign ones that had been borrowed long before with no difference in their meaning. For example: аэроплан – самолет, кино – кинематограф. In 1920s – 30s, because of the process of intrustrialization in Russia technical and scientific terms began to appear in the Russian language. They were also words connected with sport: match - , football - , bobsleigh - .

L.P. Krysin mentions 5 steps borrowings go through on their way of becoming deep – rooted:

1. The first step is when a new word is used in its orthographical, phonetic and grammatical origin. For example:

- “ yes” – showing argument;

- “ forever” – meaning for all times;

- “ wow” – expressing surprise and admiration;

2. The second step – a word^,s adjustment it has come to. It becomes a certain part of speech with appropriate morphological and word – building qualities.

In this case the word loses its original features and at the same times it gets new features from the language it has come to and starts to be used not as an additional term but as a self – dependent unit:

Bodyart;

Bloke buster;

Sampler;

3. All the third step the new word loses its accompanying gestures and comments and starts to be used equally with the native words, fixed in dictionaries. It happens when native speakers do not any more find a foreign word unusual. There are a lot of borrowings, so called “ cripples” which are translated literally:

- (an appliance for drying sliced bread);

- (the word meaning that the ball is not within the playing field);

- (net work);

- (an activity when some professionals share their experience with others);

4. When a foreign: word gets adapted in a new language it can also lose it genre and stylistic and also social qualities. But it does not happen to all the borrowings. Many of them are specific terms and are narrowly used in a certain sphere of life.

When a word begins to be used not only within a special sphere of life it gains its final meaning:

- a person whose job is to sell houses and land for people;

- people^, s activities connected with pop art;

- newspapers and magazines;

- substance that it forced out of a container such as an aerosol in very small drops;

5. The final step is connected with the registration of a borrowing in the dictionary of the language it has come to. This fact proves that the borrowing has become a part of the new language system.

1.3. Specifics of borrowings usage.

Most borrowings continue their existence in a new language only it there is a need for them in this language. Thus they are used according to functional and genre and stylistic pecularities of speech.

Today the role of the English language in modern life of the Russian society is great. There fore, to understand our native language we have to know English as well.

Russian literary language has become full of new words recently. Some neologisms are born on there own base while others appear as borrowings. That is why, one more reason for borrowing words is the need for new ways to reflect all the changes in the society.

Chapter 2

Systematization of the English borrowings in the modern Russian language

Having studied some sources, such as mass media ( newspapers, magazines and TV). I have picked out 102 borrowings used in different spheres of life, such as social, political, scientific, professional, commercial, sport and art. ( Appendix 1) collecting English words that have appeared in Russian recently I have chosen only 68 words from those 102 ones and I have united the 68 words in several thematic groups. ( Appendix 2) These English words are not found in dictionaries of foreign words or in the explanatory dictionary edited in 2005.

The linguistic material is given in 3 classifications:

Steps of becoming deep – rooted and morphological classification.

Structural.

Thematic.

2.1. Classification of the steps of the borrowings becoming deep – rooted.

The results of my classification are given as a table in Appendix 3.

6 of all the words I worked with are at their first step and are used without any changes in their grammatical and orthographical forms.

14 of all the words are at the second step. They have already got adjusted to the system of the Russian language, are referred to a certain part of speech and have morphological features.

27 words that do not have any comments are used alongside with Russian words.

21 borrowings are at the step of adaptation which means they have lost their genre and stylistic and social features.

I have not studied English words that have gone through the fifth step and have been registered in Russian dictionaries of foreign words as the aim of my research is to find only those words which have not become completely common, practically native in Russian. So, I have not analyzed 34 words.

These are the data I have received:

56 English borrowings are nouns

6 words are adjectives

3 of them are interjections

3 borrowings are adverbs

2.2. Structure of the English borrowings.

All the analyzed English borrowings have been divided into the following groups:

Borrowings with suffixes of the Russian language. There are 16 of them ( Appendix 1)

мультимидийные

он – лайновые

креативный

рефлексия

ролики

глоссарий

computer language – 18 and 16 words correspondingly ( Appendix 2)

провайдер

коммуникатор

интернет

sport words 15 and 8 words correspondingly ( Appendix 2)

стрит рейсер

скелетон

фитнес

fashion: 12 and 12 units ( Appendix 2)

имиджмейкер

лифтинг

пилинг

slang 15 and 14 units ( Appendix 2)

пипл

лузер

кампус

commercial words 17 and 7 units ( Appendix 2)

мерендайзер

секьюрити

вошингер

every day vocabulary 7 and 3 words ( Appendix 2)

фастфуд

The thematic groups can be found in tables in Appendix 2.

Chapter 3. Peoples^, attitude to the usage of the English borrowings in the Russian language.

While doing my research I wondered about people^, s feelings about such a great number of borrowed words in the Russian language. To find the answer I made up a questionnaire for students and teachers (Appendix 5) which contained the following questions:

what are English borrowings?

Do you like the fact that there are so many English borrowings in Russian?

Do you use these words in every day speech?

Do you think we need these words in our language?

50 people took part in the survey: 15 of them are under 18, 25 people are aged from 18 to 35 and 10 people are over 35.

I have analyzed the results of the survey which showed the following percentage:

96 per cent gave the right answer to the first question

The answers to the second question are the following:

16 % (8 people) – “ no”

32 % (16 people) – found it difficult to answer the question

52 % (26 people) – “yes”

6 of those who gave a negative answer are over 35 years old

As for the usage of the borrowings

50 % (25 people) do it regularly

26 % (13 people) do it sometimes

14 % (7 people) do it seldom

10 % (5 people) never use foreign words in their every day speech.

Among those who seldom use English borrowings or never use them there are people over 35.

Answers to the last question are the following:

64 % (32 people) said that borrowings make the Russian language richer.

36 % (18 people) have a different opinion and are sure that these words dilute Russian.

Those who have this opinion are mainly over 35 but there are also young people among them who are under 18

The Results of the survey

Every questioned person uses English borrowings in every day life.

Their attitude to the usage of the borrowings is mainly positive, fewer of them are indifferent to it and very few of them have a negative attitude. It shows that people are used to using English words in Russian.

Most part of the participants of the survey think that words of English origin enrich Russian and make it brighter and more saturated. But, still, there are those who are sure that these words harm Russian.

People over 35 do not use English words in their speech and believe that they spoil Russian. People who are under 18 use borrowings very often and suppose they help to express their emotions much brighter and more clearly. Those who are between 18 and 35 years old, do use these words in their speech but they still think they clutter up Russian if they are used wrongly.

Computers and the internet are an essential part of students^, lives which explains their love for English borrowings and the fact that they are the main part of Russian population using the in their speech.

Conclusion

In my work I have studied the causes of appearance and the ways of development of English borrowings in the Russian language. Most of these words are used frequently if there is a real need for them.

While doing the research I have found lexical units borrowed from English which have not been registered in the dictionary of foreign languages. I have united these words in thematic groups and have created a small dictionary of words of the English origin present in the Russian language.

Having united the words in thematic groups I have discovered that most of them refer to professional vocabulary and also to such spheres of life as art, sport, youth vocabulary, computer which are spreading as a result of constant international links and contacts.

There fore, Russian vocabulary is enriching today due to the intense process of borrowing new words from the English language.

All the changes in Russian can be seen after analyzing the language that modern mass media use. Mass media reflect all the changes in the language and social and economic processes happening in the society. Any event is reported in newspapers and magazines, on TV and on the radio and on the internet.

After studying the language used by mass media I can make the following conclusions:

English is becoming a “ donor – language”

English borrowings are becoming more and more important as they are brief and rational in comparison with their Russian synonyms.

Thematic groups are growing in their actuality.

I am not sure that all English borrowing from my work will be used actively. On the one hand, they clutter up Russian making speech not understandable for some people. On the other hand, English borrowings are a part of Russian language development. Reasonable use of new words brightens and develops the language but to use them correctly one needs certain knowledge of English. Thus, the role of English in the modern world is really great.

The results of my work can be used at Russian lessons as well, and also in every day life.

Literature

L. P. Krysin “ Steps of a foreign word becoming deep – rooted” M. ,1999

A.I. Melnikova “ Studying English borrowings in the course “ The modern Russian language” “ M., 1999

I.M. Sinagatullin “ English around us” / “Foreign languages at school” M., 2004

Magazines “ Cosmopolitan”, “Dolores” – autumn, 2004

Newspapers “ Tele – 7”, “ Comsomol Truth”

Short reference book for a schoolchild, grades 5 -11/ Publishing House “Drofa” – M., 1998

I.O. Naumova “About some lexical and phraseological neologism of the English origin in the Russian language” / “Russian at school” M., 1995

Dictionaries

S.I. Ozhegov, N.U. Shvedova. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

D.E. Rozental, M.A. Telennova. Refference dictionary of linguistic terms – “Prosveshenye” M., 1985

A.G. Spirkin. Dictionary of foreign words M., 1986

E.V.Ivanov, V.V.Odintsov. Dictionary of foreign words for schools M., 1990

N.G. Kolev. Dictionary of foreign words in the Russian language. M., 2000

Appendixes Appendix 1

The vocabulary of foreign words and their meaning.

Словарь иноязычных слов с их значениями

Армрестлинг-armrestling –вид спорта

Аут –обозначение того, что мяч (шайба) находится за пределами поля –out;

Байкер – biker – велосипедист.

Бартер- barter-обмен

Блок бастер- block buster

Боди арт. – body – art –искусство рисовать на теле.

Бой-френд – boyfriend – возлюбленный, дружок.

Боулинг – bowling – катать шары.

Браузер- browser-

Бэби — baby —ребенок.

Вау – wow – восторг, изумление.

Ваучер- voucher

Вошингер –человек, занимающийся мытьем чего – либо washing.

Гейм – игра, партия в игре - game

Глоссарий – комментарий терминов , неизвестных широкому кругу читателей – glossary.

Группа – group – совокупность.

Диско -disco

Дисплей – display – показ, выставка.

Драйв – drive – запал, энергетика.

Имейл- почтовый ящик в интернете

Имидж

Имиджмейкер – человек, занимающийся созданием образов image make,

Интернет – компьютерная сеть - inter net;

Интерфейс – interface

Йес –да-yes

Кампус –место расположение университета и проживание студента - campus;

Кастинг - kasting

керлинг – вид спорта, предметом которого является движущийся камень т- curling,

Кид неппинг – воровство детей - kid napping;

Киллер - killer

Коммуникатор – разновидность электронного оперативного устройства - communicator,

Комфорт – comfort – удобство.

креативный – творческий – creative;

Кроссворд – crossword – кроссворд.

Кульный- cool –классный, прикольный.

Лифтинг – подтягивание кожи - lifting,

Лузер – неудачник – looser,

Маркетинг - marketing

Маркетинговый -marketing

Маркетолог - marketing

мастер класс – занятие по передаче опыта – master class.

Мейкап – make up – макияж.

мерчендайзер –человек, занимающийся расстановкой пива по полкам в холодильниках - merchandiser,

мультимедийный – использующий сочетание различных электронных средств – multti – media,

О’кей – ok – хорошо.

Объект – object – предмет, на который направлено внимание.

Онлайн — online, on-line — на линии, на связи.

он-лайновый –протекающий в режиме реального времени – on line,

Офлайн — offline, off-line — в отключенном от компьютерной сети состоянии.

Офлайновый - протекающий в отключенном от компьютерной сети состоянии.

Пазл – puzzle – головоломка.

Парламент- parlament

Пейджер – pager – мобильное устройство для получения и отправления сообщений.

Пилинг – очищение кожи лица - peeling;

Пипл – люди своего окружения - people,

Пирсинг -pirsing

Плеер –player – магнитофон с наушниками.

Постер – плакат – poster;

Презент – present – подарок.

Презентация- present

пресса – печатное издание – press;

Провайдер – организация, обеспечивающая связь - provider,

Проект –project – предварительный текст какого-нибудь документа.

Пролонгация- long

Промоутер -promouter

Регион - region – область.

Рефлексия – самопроверка – reflex.

риелтор – человек, занимающийся недвижимостью – realtor;

Риск –risk – вероятность неудачи.

Ролики – вид обуви на колесах – roller,

Сайт – site – местонахождение.

самплер – человек, раздающий бесплатные образцы товаров – sampler.

Саундтрек – soundtrack – звуковая дорожка.

Секьюрити– лицо, отвечающее за охрану - security,

Сингл- single

Сироп – syrup – концентрированный раствор сахара.

Скандал –scandal – злословие, сплетни.

Скейтборд – skate – board – скользить на доске.

Скелетон – разновидность санного спорта – skeleton,

Скинхед – skin – head – бритоголовый.

Спонсор - sponsor

спрей– средство, наносимое путем распыления – spray.

Стрит рейсер – человек, увлекающийся автогонками на городских автострадах – street racer,

Супермен – superman – сверх – человек.

Тинейджер – подросток – teenager,

тостер – прибор для поджаривания гренков - toaster;

Трансформер - transformer

Тюнинг- tuning

Фаворит – favorite – любимец.

Факт – fact – действительное событие, явление.

Фактор – factor – момент в каком-нибудь процессе.

Фанат – fan – поклонник.

Фастфуд- fastfood

Финиш — finish — окончание.

Фитнес – вид спорта с элементами акробатики – fitness;

Форэвэр- навсегда, вечно – forever

Фристайл-freestyle

Чартер – аренда транспортного средства – charter,

Чек – check – номерок, квитанция.

Челендж – передача права подачи в теннисе – challenge,

Шоу бизнес –show business- занятие людей, связанных с популярными видами искусства.

Шоу –показ – show

Words pronounced exactly the same as in English

Слова, структурно совпадающие с иноязычными образцами

Армрестлинг, аут, байкер, бартер, боди- арт, бой-френд, боулинг, браузер, бэйби, вау, ваучер, вошингер, гейм, , диско, дисплей, драйв, имейл, имидж, интернет, интерфейс, йес, кампус, кастинг, керлинг, киднеппинг, киллер, коммуникатор, комфорт, кроссворд, лифтинг, лузер, маркетинг, мейкап, мерчендайзер, объект, окей, онлайн, офлайн, пазл, парламент, пейджер, пилинг, пипл, пирсинг, плеер, постер, презент, проект, провайдер, промоутер, риелтор, регион, риск, сайт, самплер, саундтрек, секьюрити, сингл, сироп , скандал,скейтборд, скелетон, скинхед, спонсор, стрит рейсер, супермен, тинэйджер, тостер, трансформер, тюнинг, фаворит, факт, фактор, фастфуд, финиш, фитнес, чартер, чек, челендж, шоу.

English borrowings with Russian suffixes

Заимствованные слова с аффиксами русского языка

Группа, имиджевый, глоссарий, креативный, кульный, маркетинговый, маркетолог, мультимедийный, он-лайновый, офлайновый, презентация, пресса, пролонгация, рефлексия, ролики, фанат.

Thematic groups of the borrowings. Тематические группы заимствований

Appendix 3 Appendix 5

Appendix 3

Appendix 2

Appendix 4

English borrowings as parts of speech

Частеречная принадлежность заимствований

Appendix 5

Questionnaire “Usage of English borrowings in the modern Russian language”

Анкета "Употребление англицизмов в современном русском языке".

Age

Укажите Ваш возраст:

14-18 лет

18-35 лет

старше 35

Choose only one answer to the following questions

Выберите только один наиболее подходящий вариант ответа на следующие вопросы:

What are English English borrowings?

Что такое англицизм?

A word or a phrase, borrowed from English

а) слово или выражение, заимствованное из английского языка.

Music style

б) направление в музыке.

A word or a phrase, borrowed from any other foreign language

в) заимствованное из другого языка слово или выражение.

Do you feel annoyed about the great number of English borrowings in the modern Russian language?

Раздражает ли Вас обилие англицизмов в современном русском языке?

Yes, a lot

1.Да, очень

Not much

2. Немного

No

3. Ничуть

Do you use English borrowings in every day speech?

Употребляете ли Вы англицизмы в повседневной речи?

Regularly

Регулярно

Sometimes

Иногда

Seldom

3. редко

4. никогда

Do you think English borrowings enrich Russian or spoil it making it less beautiful?

Как Вы считаете, англицизмы обогащают наш язык, делают его насыщеннее и лучше или же обедняют русский язык, коверкая его и извращая?

Enrich

Обогащают

Clutter up

Обедняют

Thanks for your answers!

Спасибо за участие!