VI Международный конкурс научно-исследовательских и творческих работ учащихся

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Влияние употребления алкоголя на поведение и развитие подростков (на примере декоративных крыс)

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Логошин  И.Ю. 1Петрунин  Н.А. 1

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1МБОУ «Лицей № 11» г. Россоши

Савченко  А.В. 1

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1МБОУ «Лицей № 11» г. Россоши

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Introduction

One of the most important and pressing topics of modern society is alcohol drinking among teenagers. Such a horrific phenomenon as alcoholism among teenagers becomes a very serious and widespread problem of present time. If formerly the young generation got interested in alcohol drinks approximately to the age of 18, there are children of 10-12 years old among alcoholics nowadays.

Thus, according to the statistics, the most part of pupils from the 6^th grade not tried alcoholic drinks, but also bought them, including beer and wine. Some children have been entertained with alcohol by their fathers, grandfathers or relatives. To the 8^th grade the number of teenagers, who drinks regularly, increases. 54% of pupils take alcohol once a month; 7% - twice a month; and 11% of them have risks of becoming alcoholics. To the 11^th grade teenagers are getting more addicted to alcohol.

But the teenager interests in alcohol not by accident. Sooner or later he would like to try this strange liquid, as alcohol (no matter if adults like it or not) becomes not only a bright symbol of adult life, but also a catalyst of it.

The reasons of alcoholism among teenagers are various, but all of them indicate the lack of attention paid by adults to the rising generation. Among the motives, important for the teenager alcohol consumption, are the following:

Popularization of alcoholic drinks in the movies, on TV and advertisement;

A strong claim on maturity (alcohol drinking is the sign of independence, maturity and courage);

The appropriate environment, connected with alcohol drinking(parents, peers);

The example of peers;

Weak will, dependence, irresponsibility and inexperience among seemingly problem – free children due to intensive parental care. They are easy to influence on and manipulate.

The availability of uncontrolled money, which can be spent on strong beverages.

What is more, one of the peculiarities of alcoholism among children and teenagers is a very quick habit-forming to alcohol-containing drinks. It may need only a few months between the first drinking and the serious alcohol dependence.

That is why this issue seems to be acute and needs much consideration. Our concern is to find out how alcohol consumption can influence teenage behavioral performance and what consequences it can cause.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the acute effects of alcohol consumption on the development and behavior performance of a teenage organism by carrying out the laboratory research on decorative rats.

Objectives

In order to reach the research goal we will focus on the following objectives: to

Study the biological features of rats;

Study the chemical composition of beer;

Carry out a survey among teenagers;

Conduct the laboratory experiment on rats;

Monitor the development of rats after their consuming of beer;

Identify the features of behavioral reactions of rats, making use of the test “Labyrinth”.

The subject of the investigation is the influence of alcohol consumption on health condition of rats.

The object of the investigation is behavioral reactions and morphological changes of rats after their consuming of beer.

The hypothesis of the investigation

We assume that alcohol consumption makes a negative effect on the development and behavioral reactions of a teenage organism.

Methodology

The material used in this research paper was obtained from a number of sources: scientific books, the Internet resources, official documents.

The empirical data were collected through the survey carried out among the students of Lyceum№11 of Rossosh and the laboratory experiment on decorative rats, performed at the station of Young Naturalists during the academic year 2017-2018.

The research paper consists of Introduction, two Chapters, Conclusion Section, Reference List and Appendices.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

ANATOMY OF A RAT

The anatomy of a rat is more or less similar to highly developed vertebrates, including humans. Rat anatomy can be studied under two categories, the internal system and the external structure.

A rat is a common rodent of the order Rodentia. It belongs to the class Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata and is often studied as a representative organism for mammals. As the structural organization of rats and humans are similar, it is widely used in medical research to evaluate the effects of medications , before releasing them for human use. Other research fields that involve rats include toxic experiments, microbiological analyses, and preclinical tests for treatment methods. Since the rat is small in size and readily available, it is advantageous to use as a dissection animal.

Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea.”True rats” are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattusrattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus.

The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats, and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams in the wild.

Location.

Rats are opportunists. For this reason, rats have lived close to humans for a long time. Once humans settled down, the leftovers of what humans ate were a source of food for the rats. So the rats followed. Rats are present in almost all settlements. In cities, they often live in the sewers. One of the largest rats , it is a brown or grey rodent with a body up to 25 cm long, and a similar tail length , the male weighs on average 350 grams and the female 250 grams. Thought to have originated in northern China , this rodent has now spread to all continents except Antarctica , and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America, making it by at least this particular definition the most successful mammal on the planet after humans.

Selective breeding of Rattus norvegicus has produced the laboratory rat, a model organism in biological research, as well as pet rats.

Description. The fur is coarse and usually black or dark grey, while the underparts are lighter grey or brown. Brown rats have acute hearing, are sensitive to ultrasound, and possess a very highly developed olfactory sense. Their average heart rate is 300 to 400 beats per minute. The vision of a rat is poor.

The brown rat is nocturnal and is a good swimmer. A 2007 study found brown rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in humans and primates, but further analysis suggested they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles.

Rat External Anatomy.

The rat’s body is divided into six anatomical regions:

Cranial region-head

Cervical region-neck

Pectoral region-area where front legs attach

Thoracic region-chest area

Abdomen-belly

Pelvic region-are where the back legs attach.

The rat has the sensory hairs (whiskers) located on the rat’s face, called vibrissae. The mouth has a large cleft in the upper lip which exposes large front incisors. Rats are gnawing mammals, and these incisors will continue to grow for as long as the rat lives. The ears are composed of the external part, called the pinna, and the auditory meatus, the ear canal. On the ventral surface of the rat you can see the teats.

Internal Anatomy.

In order to observe the internal anatomy of a rat , it is necessary to dissect the rat carefully. When you dissect the neck region, the salivary glands (soft tissues) can be located on the side of the side of the neck; anterior to the salivary glands is the lymph node. The thyroid glands are present on each side of the trachea. Coming to the thoracic portion, you can locate the diaphgram (a thin muscle layer), under which lies the heart in the centre. On top of the heart, the thymus glands are present, which regulates the immune responses of the rat. You can observe the bronchial tubes and the large-sized lungs in thoracic part.

Below the thoracic region, is the abdomen. The major organs of abdomen include liver (dark-coloured organ), stomach (beneath the liver ), spleen (attached to the lower side of stomach), small intestine (highly coiled digestive organ), pancreas (between stomach and small intestine), large intestine or colon (continuation of small intestine that leads to anus), and rectum ( just before anus).

While studying the internal anatomy, the excretory and reproductive systems are studied together which is referred to as the urogenital system. The excretory system of a rat consists of kidneys, ureter (tube than connect kidney to bladder), and urinary bladder. The female reproductive organs of rat are uterine horns (below kidney), oviduct (tiny tube that connects uterine horn to ovary), and ovary.

1.2 The Chemical Composition of Beer

While carrying out the laboratory experiment, we used two kinds of bottled beer to study the physiological effects and behavioral reactions of rats.

Beer is a nat­u­ral drink con­tain­ing al­co­hol, the chem­i­cal com­po­nents of which form through the nat­u­ral fer­men­ta­tion of the mix­ture. The main com­po­nent of beer is or­di­nary ethyl al­co­hol, a monoatom­ic al­co­hol with the for­mu­la C₂H₅OH, which is the main ac­tive com­po­nent of al­co­holic bev­er­ages.

The al­co­hol cre­at­ed in fer­men­ta­tion adds calo­ries to the drink. There are also a lot of car­bo­hy­drates in beer, 90% of which are dex­trins (a polysac­cha­ride ob­tained from starch). Beer also con­tains fruc­tose, su­crose, glu­cose, polysac­cha­rides, pectin, polypep­tides, amino acids etc.

What is more, beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinksin the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from maltedbarley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starchsugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.

The basic ingredients of beer are water;a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops.

Thus, the chemical compounds in beer give it a distinctive taste, smell and appearance. The majority of compounds in beer come from the metabolic activities of plants and yeast and so are covered by the fields of biochemistry and organic chemistry. The main exception is that beer contains over 90% water and the mineral ions in the water (hardness) can have a significant effect upon the taste.

1.3 Dangers of Beer Drinking

There is a common misconception that people who drink beer are somehow less likely to become alcoholic than other types of drinkers. This is a complete myth and it can give people a false sense of security. There are many alcoholics who use the fact that they only drink beer as proof that they do not have a problem. In reality the question is not what people drink but how they drink. Beer contains alcohol and those who abuse it will develop problems.

One of the main reasons why people view beer drinking safe is that they are basing their opinion on stereotypes. When most people hear the word alcoholic they will have a picture of a certain type of person in their mind.

However, beer drinking not only carries the risk associated with all alcoholic drinks, but it also involves some additional ones. The dangers of beer drinking include:

* If people regularly consume an excessive amount of alcohol they risk becoming an alcoholic.
* Beer contains many calories – one bottle of beer can contain as many as 430 calories. Those who drink excessively can become obese and develop health problems as a result.
* Beer contains many calories but has relatively low nutritional value. Those individuals who replace their meals with these empty calories can suffer from nutritional deficiencies that damage their body organs.
* Those individuals who drink beer will usually take longer to become intoxicated than those drinking spirits. This means that often end up consuming more alcohol over the course of a drinking session.
* Some people mistakenly believe that drinking beer is harmless so they feel justified in drinking excessively. In countries like Russia they have even looked upon beer as a soft drink.
* Some beer drinkers are able to keep consuming beer throughout the day so that they remain moderately intoxicated for most of the time.
* Alcohol is a toxin that damages every organ in the body. Even occasional binge drinking can put people at risk of developing alcoholic liver disease.
* When people are intoxicated it lowers their inhibitions and they become willing to do things that they would never consider while sober.
* People make bad choices when they are inebriated. They may get to regret these choices for the rest of their life.
* Once people become reliant on beer they can lose interest in their home, social, and work responsibilities.
* Excessive alcohol intake can be highly damaging to mental health. It can lead to problems such as depression.
* It can lead to the development of type II diabetes.
* Those people who drink heavily are far more likely to commit suicide.
* Those who abuse alcohol are far more likely to commit domestic and other types of violence.
* There are many people who try to hide from their problems by turning to alcohol. This is at best a short-term solution and it can actually make things much worse.

Chapter II. The Procedure and Data Analyses of the Laboratory Research

2.1 The Results of the Survey

To find out and monitor the percentage of teenagers inclined to beer consumption, we conducted a survey among students of the 6^th, 8^th and 9^th Grades. The study assessed the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption among teenagers. The survey, focused on public attitudes towards beer consumption, was conducted among the students of Grades 6”G”, 8”A”, 8”B”, 9”A” and 9”B”. (Appendix 1). The students completed an anonymous questionnaire. Data from 135 questionnaires were available to analysis. The respondents were asked the following questions:

Have you ever tried beer? a)Yes b) No

What strength of the beer do you prefer?

4% alcohol by volume

9% alcohol by volume

I don’t drink beer.

Have your peers ever tried beer?

Yes b) No c) They regularly drink it

Do you consider beer to be a harmful alcoholic drink?

Yes b) No c) To some extent

What is your attitude towards teenage beer consumption?

Positive b) Negative c) I don’t mind it.

The results of survey are introduced in the table.

The statistics shows that the students of the 6^th Grade have already tried beer and have notion of the strength of beer, but they have a negative attitude towards alcohol consumption. On the other hand, many students of the 8^th and 9^th Grade regularly drink it and don’t consider it to be a harmful habit.

2.2 Methods and Materials

Methods.

In our research we used the following methods of investigation:

- conducting morphometric measurements of the experimental rats (weight, length);

- detecting behavioral changes of the rats with the help of the test ''Labyrinth'';

- monitoring the condition of the external cover of the laboratory rats.

Experimental animals.

To carry out the experiment, three groups of decorative rats were selected (each group consisted of three experimental animals). All the rats were of the same brood and they were born on September 27th, 2017.

The animals were conditioned in standard metallic cages and kept in a temperature-controlled environment (18-20 C) with an altering 12h light-dark cycle. They were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions, fed with standard rats' food (grain mixture and vegetables).

The experiment was started on October 31, 2017. The rats were about one month old, which corresponds to the junior teenage period of human beings.

Experimental design.

The animals were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows:

Group 1: The animals of this group were given bottled beer “Big Mug” ( 4% alcohol by volume ) instead of pure water three times a week, except on Saturday and Sunday when they were served with water.

Group 2: The animals of this group were given bottled beer “ Baltika 9” (9% alcohol by volume) three times a week, except on Saturday and Sunday when they were given pure water. What is more, the rats were sometimes given some water, if they managed to drink the beer very quickly.

Group 3 : The animals of this group were given only water and served as control.

The monitoring of the weight and lengthof the experimental rats was started on October 31st, 2017. It was carried out with the frequency of once a week and lasted for two-month time. The average numbers were recorded and filled in the tables:

Table 1. The Beverage Influence on the Weight of the Rats.

Table 2. The Beverage Influence on the Length of the Rats.

The test “Labyrinth”was carried out in December 2017. The age of the experimental rats was 2 and a half months old and the duration of consuming beer was 2 months.

The method of a “Labyrinth” was invented by Albion Small (1854-1926), an American sociologist. According to the test, it is intended to investigate the oriental reaction and the emotional reactivity of rats, finding themselves in new living conditions. As a rule, the oriental reaction of rats is assessed by their motor activity. Above this, the emotional status of the experimental animals was evaluated by grooming acts and standing- up on their hind paws. The experiment was conducted within ten days. The labyrinth was constructed in a way to have open top, divided compartments with wooden walls and corridors. The target point was identified on the labyrinth. For rats to find the target, a small piece of stale bread dipped in sunflower oil, was placed. During the experiment the animals did not get any food except that found in the labyrinth. They were given only water.

The rats were individually placed in the labyrinth and allowed time for locating the food. Before each rat was released into the labyrinth, any stool and urine that released odor was cleaned off the labyrinth. Therefore, any possible odor production was prevented.

We recorded the following data of behavioral changes of the rats in the labyrinth: the time spent to pass the labyrinth, the number of mistakes made on the way; the number of grooming acts (licking themselves or using their paws, performing self-cleaning); the number of freezing acts; the number of fecal boluses. The data were registered and filled in Tables №3-7.

Table №3 “The Average Time Spent by the Rats to Pass the Labyrinth”

Table №4 “The Average Number of Boluses Produced by the Rats in theLabyrinth”

Table №5 “The Average Number of Grooming Acts Performed by the Rats in the Labyrinth”

Table №6 “The Average Number of Freezing Acts Performed by the Ratsin the Labyrinth”

Table №7”The Average Number of Stand-Ups Performed by the Rats in the Labyrinth”

Table №8”The Average Behavioral Parameters of the Rats in the Test “Labyrinth”

2.3 The Results and Findings of the Research

General Observations.

At the end of the research we conducted general observations of the rats. They have shown that the development and behavior of the rats from the Control Group did not differ in any features from the rest of the rats. The rats, which consumed the beer 4% alcohol by volume, had willingly drunk the offered drink since the first days of the experiment. They immediately ran up to the drinking bowl and tasted the drink. Then they drank it very quickly and we had to add some water. But by the end of the experiment their interest to beer consumption had decreased.

The rats, which consumed the beer 9% alcohol by volume, drank it very unwillingly. They had been sniffing it for a long time. They even walked around the drinking bowl, refused to drink and only the inability to use water made them consume the energy drink. But later the rats got used to drinking beer.

What is more, the rats behaved in a quite excited manner in their cage.

They dashed around the cage, strayed into a flock. The two rats in the cage behaved especially aggressively.

The Results of Monitoring of Weight and Length of the Rats

The monitoring of weight and length of the rats started on October 31^st 2017. It was conducted with frequency of once a week and lasted within two weeks. The obtained data are introduced in Tables №1-2 (Appendix 2).

The data indicate that the rats which consumed water have gained less weight, but the weight gain of the rats from the other two groups was quite significant and did not differ much (71 gr and 71.1 gr).

According to the data, the length increase of the rats, which consumed water, was 22 cm and the length increase of the rats from Groups 1 and 2 was the same. The length gain of the rats, which consumed the beer, was 1 cm bigger than that of the Control Group.

Observations of the Rats while Performing the Test “Labyrinth”.

The test “Labyrinth” was performed in December, 2017.The age of the rats was four months old. The period of beer consumption was 2.5 months.

We measured the following parameters of the rats’ behavior in the Labyrinth: the time spent on passing the Labyrinth, the number ofmistakes made on their way, the number of grooming acts, the number of freezing acts, the number of fecal boluses.

The data were analyzed, discussed and filled in the test report. The route of passing the labyrinth was sketched. The given data are presented in Tables №3-7 (Appendix 3).

The average values of the behavioral reactions are introduced in Table №8.

Table№8. The Average Values of the Behavioral Reactions of the Decorative Rats in the Test “Labyrinth”.

The given data indicate:

1. Beer consumption did not greatly influence the length of the rats, but it greatly influenced their weight (14% bigger than that of the Control group).

2. The consumption of beer 4% alcohol by volume decreased the time spent on passing the labyrinth and the number of mistakes. However, the consumption of beer 9% alcohol by volume prevented the rats from passing the labyrinth and increased the number of mistakes.

3. The rats which consumed beer 9% alcohol by volume were far more emotionally stressed than the rats of the Control group. On the other hand, the emotional tension of the rats which consumed beer 4% alcohol by volume was much decreased. It may suggest that low- alcohol beer decreases emotional stress and relaxes, but high-alcohol beer increases emotional tension and agitation.

4.The consumption of low-alcohol beer almost did not influence the level of searching activity of the rats, but the rats which consumed strong beer did not want to explore the labyrinth, they dreamt of escaping from it.

Interpretation of the results of the test “Labyrinth”

As a rule, the oriental-searching reaction of rats is measured by their horizontal and vertical activity. The quicker the rat passes through the labyrinth, performs more stand-ups, makes fewer mistakes in the labyrinth, the greater searching interest it has. But the emotional status of the animal is evaluated by the number of boluses, the number of grooming acts and the number of freezing acts. The animals which perform a greater number of grooming acts are more emotionally stressed. So are the animals which perform a greater number of freezing acts. The stand-ups are thought to be the symptoms of fear and anxiety. The more stand-ups the animal performs, the emotionally stressed it is. The given data indicate that beer consumption of its different strength influences some behavioral reactions of the rats in a different way. But all of them behaved strangely.
The speed of passing the labyrinth by the rats which consumed low-alcohol beer was the highest (25 seconds). The rats which consumed high-alcohol beer, managed to pass the labyrinth much slower than the rats from the Control Group (112 seconds and 51,5 seconds respectively). It proves that light beer consumption increases the motor activity of the rats.

The grooming reflex was observed only once in one sample rat from Group 1. But it was often observed in the tested rats of Group 2.It indicates that strong beverage consumption leads to unhealthy agitation, unwillingness to do the task.

The freezing reaction was observed in the groups of rats which consumed beer. The number of freezing acts of the rats, which consumed “Big Mug”, was almost twice as low as the number of freezing acts of the rats from the Group which consumed “Baltika 9”.

It means what the rats, which consumed high- alcohol beer, experienced more emotional stress than the rats from the Control Group, on the other hand, the emotionality of the rats, which consumed low-alcohol beer, was lower. The given data indicate that low – alcohol beer consumption reduces the emotional stress but the high-alcohol beer consumption increases it.

Conclusion

This research examined the acute effects of beer consumption on both subjective and objective measures of performance.

The results of the survey indicate that some teenagers are inclined to alcohol drink consumption. But most teenagers consider beer to be a harmful alcohol drink and have a negative attitude towards teenage beer consumption.

The results of the experiment have shown that alcohol consumption had a negative effect on the development and some behavioral reactions of the laboratory rats. Thus, our hypothesis proved to be valid.

While performing the experiment, we did the following:

We studied the anatomy and biological features of decorative rats.

We conducted the laboratory tests on decorative rats.

We observed the development of the rats while their consuming beer of different strength.

We evaluated the acute effects of beer consumption on the behavioral reactions of the decorative rats with the help of the test “Labyrinth”.

The purpose and the objectives of the investigation were fulfilled.

In fact, the results of the study reveal that the consumption of dangerous and popular beverages such as beermakes a negative impact on the development of a living organism.

Furthermore, beer consumption causes obesity, which can result in a great number of chronic diseases of the internal organs (the liver, the heart and the stomach).

In summary, the results of this study indicate that alcohol consumption will likely seriously harm young people’s health if they drink these beverages on a regular basis. We believe, while these drinks may not cause immediate health problems, they will increase the risk of serious conditions in the future.

We have come to a conclusion that beer drinking is the first step to serious health problems and to alcohol addiction. No wonder, that while conducting the experiment, the laboratory rats got used to beer drinking and consumed it eagerly.

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Научная библиотека диссертаций и авторефератов http://www.dissercat.com/content/structura-povedeniya-krys-pri-poiske-pishi-v-radialnom-labirinte#ixzz2qUG2RmZS

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Appendix 2

Table 1. The Influence of Beverage Consumption on the Weight of the Rats.

Table 2. The Influence of Beverage Consumption on the Length of the Rats.

Appendix 1

Conducting the survey

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Conducting morphometric measurements

Appendix 6

Conducting the test “Labyrinth”

Appendix 7

The Results of the Observations in the test “Labyrinth”

Table № 3 «The Average Time

Spent by the Rats to Pass the Labyrinth»

Table № 4. «The Average Number of the Fecal boluses produced by the Rats in the Labyrinth»

Table № 5. «The Average Number of Grooming Acts, performed by the Rats in the Labyrinth ».

Table № 6. «The Average Number of Freezing Acts, performed by the Rats in the Labyrinth »

Table № 7. «The Average Number of Stand-Ups performed by the Rats in the Labyrinth ».

Table № 8. « The Average Number of the Mistakes Made by the Rats in the Labyrinth».